Translartion. Region: Russians Fedetion –
Source: State University Higher School of Economics – State University Higher School of Economics –
An international team with the participation of HSE scientists studied how the brain understands hidden meanings in speech. Using fMRI, the researchers discovered that if the meaning is obvious, the areas responsible for decision-making are active, and with complex and ambiguous statements, the areas that analyze the context and intentions of the interlocutor are activated. The more difficult the task, the more these areas interact, helping the brain figure it out. Studypublished in the journalTerround.
Every person has encountered a situation when the words of the interlocutor do not match their real meaning. We understand hints, sarcasm and even irony, although the formally spoken words may indicate the opposite. This process in cognitive science is called pragmatic thinking – the ability to extract meaning from context, even if it was not explicitly expressed.
An international team of scientists tried to understand how the brain copes with such situations. The study participants played a “referential game” — a method for studying how people interpret ambiguous messages. In each test, four available characteristics and three monsters — potato, eggplant, or pear — appeared on the screen. Each of them had an accessory: a blue cap, a red cap, or a yellow scarf. The speaker gave a hint, highlighted with a yellow rectangle, for example: “red cap.” The subjects had to understand which character was being discussed, but the hint was not always unambiguous, and the correct answer depended on the context. The tasks were divided into three difficulty levels: simple, complex, and unambiguous. There were 96 tasks in total — 32 for each level.
To understand which areas of the brain are involved in the interpretation process, the scientists recorded the participants’ brain activity using functional MRI (fMRI). This is a neuroimaging method that allows studying brain activity in real time. The authors of the article also developed six computer models to understand how people analyze information and what strategies their understanding is based on.
The results showed that when a person quickly understands the meaning of a phrase and is confident in their answer, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), which helps make decisions, and the ventral striatum (VS), which is associated with the feeling of making the right choice, are active.
But when the meaning of a statement is not obvious, the brain restructures its work, involving other areas. The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) analyzes the intentions of the interlocutor and helps to understand a complex situation. The anterior insular cortex (AI) reacts to uncertainty and tension, participating in the formation of emotions. The inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is responsible for speech processing. The more complex the task, the more actively these areas interact, helping the brain correctly interpret the meaning.
The researchers also found that the ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others affected how well they performed on the task. Those who performed better had more active connections between the prefrontal and anterior insular cortex, indicating that they were more flexible in their thinking. Previously, pragmatic thinking had been studied within the framework of general models that assumed common cognitive mechanisms. However, this study showed that people’s interpretation strategies differed.
“Understanding speech is not just a matter of intelligence or memory. Our brains use a complex system that integrates language, social thinking, and contextual analysis,” comments the research fellow. International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, National Research University Higher School of EconomicsMario Martinez Saito: “These findings could also have practical applications. Perhaps, thanks to such research, your voice assistant will finally understand the difference between sincere praise and sarcasm.”
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