Source: Amnesty International –
- Ongoing chaos caused by US humanitarian funding cuts creates dangerous uncertainty
- New Syrian government and autonomous authorities must address inhumane detention system
- UN and US-led coalition must support efforts to reduce numbers in camps and facilities
The mayhem created by recent haphazard US funding cuts must prompt the rapid reduction in the number of people arbitrarily and indefinitely detained in north-east Syria for their perceived affiliation to the Islamic State (IS) armed group, Amnesty International said.
More than six years after the territorial defeat of IS, the Autonomous Authorities of the North and East Syria Region (autonomous authorities), with the support of the US-led coalition to defeat IS, continue to unlawfully detain tens of thousands of men, women, and children with perceived affiliation to IS in over two dozen detention facilities and in Al-Hol and Roj detention camps. Some of these individuals are survivors of crimes under international law, and trafficking in persons committed by IS. Most people have not been charged or given the opportunity to challenge their detention, and some detainees have been subjected to torture and other ill treatment.
The Trump administration’s sudden and unprepared funding cuts have created what can only be described as a chaotic situation, characterized by weakened basic services in the camps. As stop-gap resources run out and further cuts loom, camp residents face increased turmoil. Amnesty International’s report last year documented how people in the camps already faced grossly inhumane and life-threatening conditions, with inadequate access to sustenance and healthcare. They have been forced to endure an unstable and often unsafe existence, rife with violence and other criminality. As one 28-year-old woman told Amnesty International: “We are living in terror.”
It is unconscionable that the Trump administration would further weaken one of the world’s most volatile camps by abruptly terminating funding
Agnès Callamard, Amnesty International’s Secretary General
“The chaos created by the Trump administration’s funding cuts could have catastrophic effects on the tens of thousands of children, women and men detained in north-east Syria,” said Agnès Callamard, Amnesty International’s Secretary General.
“It is unconscionable that the Trump administration would further weaken one of the world’s most volatile camps by abruptly terminating funding for essential services, leaving an extreme burden on the autonomous authorities and humanitarian actors.”
In March 2025, Amnesty International spoke with 27 individuals – including humanitarian and non-governmental organizations, representatives of the autonomous authorities, and residents of Al-Hol and Roj camps – regarding the future of the detention system.
US funding cuts
On 20 January, the Trump administration announced a pause in foreign assistance. The arbitrary, abrupt, and unpredictable issuing of stop-work orders by US Secretary of State Marco Rubio led to chaos in Al-Hol.
The camp is coordinated by Blumont, a US-based NGO which receives US foreign assistance. On the morning of 25 January, Jihan Hanan, a representative of the autonomous authorities and the camp’s manager, discovered that none of the approximately 300 US-funded Blumont staff had arrived to work, including security staff who guarded offices and warehouses.
A repatriation trip for about 600 Iraqis in Al-Hol had been scheduled with the Iraqi authorities that day. As Blumont manages a database on camp residents, Hanan was forced to break in to the Blumont offices to facilitate the repatriations. Warehouses containing items such as gas for cooking and bread were reportedly looted.
In order to continue delivery of food and water, the autonomous authorities relied on help from other NGOs, and hired an estimated 40 security guards to protect offices in the camp. Blumont was granted a waiver by the US government a few days after the freeze, restoring some of its funding. In April, however, the US also cut funding for 24 hours to an NGO delivering food to the camp, an action the Trump administration later called a mistake.
As of 4 March, the latest figures available, the US government had cut at least $117 million worth of humanitarian assistance allocated to projects in north-east Syria, although some funding has since been reinstated. Interviewees told Amnesty International they were concerned about decreasing health services in Al-Hol, including the closure of health centres and fewer ambulances for emergency services; and the loss of programming in so-called rehabilitation facilities for boys forcibly separated from their families in the camps.
Programmes supporting people leaving Al-Hol, including within Syria, were also affected. Before the funding cuts, the autonomous authorities and humanitarian groups already struggled to meet the needs of camp residents.
Five projects in Roj were also terminated in early March after funding cuts. One camp resident said they had received double their food rations from the World Food Programme and were told it had to last a while, in case of further cuts.
Some interviewed by Amnesty International expressed significant concerns that IS could recruit within the camps. One humanitarian representative explained: “As services go down in these two camps and people are increasingly hungry, increasingly unable to access basic services, the cry coming from… the inhabitants from Al-Hol and Roj is [to IS], ‘Come and get us’.” Highlighting the threat, in mid-April the autonomous authorities carried out a security campaign in Al-Hol camp because of what they described as an “increase in attempts to smuggle Daesh [IS] families [and] continued [IS] recruitment operations”.
Even as some funding for Al-Hol is reinstated, the uncertainty created by the cuts has caused irreparable harm to various projects. One humanitarian representative explained that once staff contracts are terminated, the process of re-hiring and bringing programmes back is challenging. US funding cuts have also precipitated the loss of key staff from the NES Forum, the region’s humanitarian coordinating structure, resulting in some fundamental coordination gaps.
The UN is gradually taking over some coordination activities, which may raise the visibility of ongoing human rights issues and concerns in the detention system. However, the UN is also facing very large funding challenges, and many NGOs are still unable to access UN funds because they are required to register with the Syrian government in Damascus through a process some groups oppose due to onerous registration requirements.
Accelerating repatriation and returns from camps
After years of failing to find a durable solution to the crisis in north-east Syria, the turmoil created by the funding cuts must finally spur urgent action. Recent events – including the fall of the Bashar al-Assad government, growing UN presence in north-east Syria, and increasing diplomatic ties between the Syrian government and states with nationals still detained – could help accelerate an end to the unlawful system of detention.
Recognizing this change in environment, the autonomous authorities have started work on a plan, in coordination with the UN, to empty the camps of Iraqis and Syrians in 2025. These groups comprise about 80% of the 36,000 people in Al-Hol, with the remainder from an estimated 60 other countries.
In January 2025, the autonomous authorities announced that they would facilitate the voluntary return of Syrians detained in Al-Hol to their hometowns. Most of the remaining 16,000 Syrians in the camp are from areas that previously were under control of the Assad government or armed opposition groups.
In the last year Iraq’s government has significantly increased the pace of repatriations, and, as of March 2025, returned over 5,600 individuals from Al-Hol camp – close to half the people Iraq has repatriated from Al-Hol since 2021.
The departure of camp residents from Al-Hol is welcome. However, people should not simply be transferred from one detention centre to another, such as to the Al-Jed’ah Centre in Iraq, where Amnesty International last year documented torture and enforced disappearance.
Recommendations
The new Syrian government, autonomous authorities, US-led coalition, and the UN must identify long-overdue solutions to the crisis.
Among the most urgent priorities is the need to downsize the camps. Before families can leave the camps, children and young adults separated from their families should be reunited. There should be investment in programmes in Iraq and Syria to support the voluntary return, rehabilitation, and reintegration of Iraqis and Syrians, who are not suspected perpetrators of crimes under international law, in their areas of origin.
It’s time to finally put an end to this unlawful system of detention
Agnès Callamard
“It’s time to finally put an end to this unlawful system of detention. As the US prepares to downsize its military presence in Syria, the people still living in these camps must not be abandoned,” said Agnès Callamard.
“States with nationals in north-east Syria should immediately charter flights to finally bring home child citizens, their carers, and potential victims of trafficking.
Any remaining adults should be screened to identify which individuals should be investigated and prosecuted for crimes committed under international law or serious crimes under domestic law. Everyone else should be released, and the Syrian government and other countries should help resettle those unable to return home.”
Victims of crimes committed by IS deserve justice. Even if individuals are repatriated for trials, a residual group of Syrians and foreigners who cannot return home will remain. The new Syrian government, with the support of the autonomous authorities and international community, must initiate a plan for trials that meet international standards.
Background
About 46,500 Syrians, Iraqis, and other foreign nationals remain in the detention camps and facilities. The majority are women and children. Among the men held in the detention facilities, between 2,000 to 3,100 foreigners and about 2,000 Syrians have yet to be tried.
Following the fall of al-Assad and the establishment of an interim government in Syria, the Syrian Democratic Forces, one of the groups that make up the autonomous authorities, signed an agreement on 10 March 2025 that “all civil and military institutions in northeastern Syria” should be merged “into the administration of the Syrian state”. This merger may include administration of the detention camps and facilities in the north-east.