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Category: Universities

  • MIL-Evening Report: View from The Hill: government nabs Coalition policy on foreigners buying houses, Dutton eyes action on insurance companies

    Source: The Conversation (Au and NZ) – By Michelle Grattan, Professorial Fellow, University of Canberra

    With the unembarrassed audacity parties show as an election nears, the government has stolen the opposition’s policy to ban foreign investors buying established homes.

    Treasurer Jim Chalmers and Housing Minister Clare O’Neil have announced foreigners won’t be able to purchase established homes from April 1 for at least two years, with a review to determine whether the ban should be extended.

    When the opposition announced its policy last year, Labor was dismissive, pointing out the numbers were minuscule. But the idea is popular with the public and the government is anxious to neutralise it.

    The turnabout comes immediately ahead of the Reserve Bank’s’s two-day meeting starting Monday, with expectations high that on Tuesday the bank may finally start moving rates down.

    A rate cut would increase speculation Anthony Albanese will opt for an April rather than a May election. That would mean cancelling the March 25 budget.

    With the election fast approaching and polls suggesting a high prospect of a minority government, attention has turned to how crossbenchers would react in the event of a hung parliament.

    Much conjecture is around the “teals” who occupy former Liberal seats but are more progressive than the current Liberal party.

    Opposition leader Peter Dutton said on Sunday: “It would be unusual that if we were able to achieve 72 [a majority is 76] and we were a number of seats ahead of the Labor Party, that there wouldn’t be a guarantee of supply and confidence from the crossbench.

    “But some of them will only ever support the Labor Party. I think if they’re into transparency and honesty, they should be transparent and honest with the public before the election about if you vote for Kate Chaney, are you going to get Anthony Albanese or will she support a Coalition government in a minority situation?”

    Chaney, one of the teals, holds the Western Australian seat of Curtin, which the Liberals believe is a chance for them.

    In their statement about foreign investors, Chalmers and O’Neil said the government would also “crack down” on foreign land banking.

    The ministers admitted these latest initiatives were small but said they were an important part of the government’s broad housing policy,

    “Until now, foreign investors have generally been barred from buying existing property except in limited circumstances, such as when they come to live here for work or study,” they said.

    Under the new arrangements, “foreign investors (including temporary residents and foreign-owned companies) will no longer be able to purchase an established dwelling in Australia while the ban is in place unless an exception applies.”

    On landbanking, the ministers said foreign investors are presently subject to developmental conditions requiring they put vacant land to use within a reasonable time.

    “The Government is focused on making sure these rules are complied with and identifying any investors who are acquiring vacant land, not developing it while prices rise and then selling it for a profit.”

    The Australian Taxation Office and Treasury will be funded for an audit program and to improve compliance.

    Dutton hints at action against insurance companies that ‘rip off’ people

    While Labor sought to shore up its credentials on housing, Dutton was venturing further down the interventionist road, hinting a Coalition government might use divestiture against recalcitrant insurance companies.

    The Coalition has already courted controversy with its threat supermarkets could face divestiture.

    Dutton is now looking more widely, after being concerned about how people in areas recently devastated by fires or floods often haven’t insurance because they can’t afford the increasingly high premiums.

    Asked on Sky whether the Coalition would reduce the cost of insurance, Dutton said, “We need to make sure that we’re not being ripped off by insurance companies.

    “As we’ve done with the supermarkets, where we have threatened divestment if consumers are being ripped off, similarly, in the insurance market, we will intervene to make sure that consumers get a fair go because at the moment people are paying too much for their insurance and what’s resulting is that people aren’t taking out insurance. […] People just simply can’t afford to insure the car or their home at the moment.”

    In a wideranging interview, Dutton cast doubt on whether the opposition would support any extension of government relief on power bills.

    “If it’s going to be inflationary and it’s going to keep interest rates higher for longer and it’s going to keep grocery prices higher for longer and it’s going to keep electricity prices higher for longer, then no.”

    (The relief the government has already provided put downward pressure on inflation.)

    The opposition leader criticised the government for not putting enough effort into its handling of the Trump administration.

    “Every minister should have been cycling through Washington. I’m not aware that other ministers have been to Washington since Penny Wong was there for the inauguration,” he said.

    “If they have, that’s great. But the prime minister probably should have been on a plane to the US, as we’ve seen with other world leaders and there should have been greater engagement with the president earlier on.”

    Dutton apparently forgot the visit made by Deputy Prime Minister Richard Marles, who was the first defence minister to meet new defence secretary Pete Hegseth.

    Reminded of the Marles visit, he immediately criticised him. “Richard Marles is a nice guy, but he’s batting fairly significantly down the list in terms of the government’s key hitters.”

    Dutton said Trump had to be seen in a different light to other presidents.

    “Donald Trump is different to any of his predecessors, certainly in the modern age. If you look at his background, he’s a businessman, he does deals, he brings parties together, he swaps contracts. That’s been his background, and it’s not a background, probably, that’s been shared by too many of his predecessors. So, I don’t think you’re taking everything he says literally.”

    Dutton left his options open when asked whether he would replace Kevin Rudd as ambassador to the United States.

    “We have to have an ambassador who is in our country’s best interests. Kevin, obviously, is an accomplished person as prime minister of our country and if he’s the best person for the job, then he should stay in the job.

    “If it turns out that he’s had no access to the White House and no real influence in relation to this [tariff] issue or whatever the next issue might be, then you would have to reassess his position. But at the moment, we’re being told that he’s effective in his advocacy in the administration. I suppose time will tell.

    “My instinct would be to leave him in the job. But […] if there are insurmountable problems that he has, or that the administration has with him, then that would make it very difficult.”

    Michelle Grattan does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. View from The Hill: government nabs Coalition policy on foreigners buying houses, Dutton eyes action on insurance companies – https://theconversation.com/view-from-the-hill-government-nabs-coalition-policy-on-foreigners-buying-houses-dutton-eyes-action-on-insurance-companies-250023

    MIL OSI Analysis – EveningReport.nz –

    February 16, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Global: Has finance for green industry had an impact in Africa? What’s happened in 41 countries over 20 years

    Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Nara Monkam, Associate Professor of Public Economics, Chair in Municipal Finance within the Department of Economics, and Head of the Public Policy Hub at the University of Pretoria, University of Pretoria

    The African continent finds itself in a predicament. Advanced economies in the rest of the world developed through industrialisation: their economies transformed from mainly agricultural to industrial. This involved burning fossil fuels like coal, generating greenhouse gas emissions that caused global warming.

    African economies have trailed behind industrially. They’re now industrialising at a time when the world is moving away from fossil fuels and towards solar power, wind energy and hydropower.

    Africa has 60% of the world’s best solar resources but only 1% of the world’s installed solar power systems. Despite renewable energy capacity nearly doubling in the last decade, only 2% of global investments in renewable energy went to Africa.

    Green industrialisation could be the answer: achieving long-term economic growth and industrial development that does not harm the environment. But in most African countries, renewable energy is more expensive than fossil fuels, which are readily available in many parts of the continent. Africa is also one of the world’s poorest regions and cannot easily afford green technologies.

    So a key issue in economic development is how to stimulate green industrial productivity. Green finance (funding from banks and investors specifically for environmentally friendly projects) can fund green innovations. These include renewable energy technologies, energy-efficient building designs, or electric vehicles.




    Read more:
    Africa doesn’t have a choice between economic growth and protecting the environment: how they can go hand in hand


    I am an economist who worked with a team of researchers to study the impact of green finance on industrialisation in Africa. We also wanted to find out if green innovation influenced the effect that green finance has on industrialisation. (This was measured in this study as the total industrial value added as a percentage of gross domestic product.)

    For example, switching to renewable energy like solar power reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and helps mitigate climate change. But the high costs of renewable energy equipment could harm industrial growth.

    The research analysed macroeconomic and energy, green finance and industrialisation statistics from 41 African countries between 2000 and 2020.

    Our research found that green finance offers funding opportunities for clean and innovative technologies and creating new jobs in green sectors. However, the potential of green financing to drive industrialisation through green innovation (such as renewable energy projects) is not being realised.




    Read more:
    How green innovation could be the key to growth for the UK’s rural businesses


    This is because renewable energy comes with high costs. There also are not enough skilled people available to run green projects. There’s a lack of proper roads, connectivity or transmission lines to connect renewable energy to the main grid. The basic conditions for industrial growth through renewable energy are not in place.

    Governments in Africa should find ways to make green innovation work. This will mean that society can enjoy the benefit of new environmentally friendly projects.

    How to make green innovation work

    African governments should focus on increasing people’s access to renewable energy projects. For this to happen, they need to put more funding and effort into developing renewable energy infrastructure. Renewable energy technologies must be available and affordable.

    Education and capacity building is needed, particularly in rural communities. For example, community-owned solar microgrid projects provide people with the skills needed to manage and look after renewable energy systems.

    Governments will need to subsidise local manufacturing of renewable energy components. When these are produced locally, this can help harness the potential of green innovation for industrialisation and also create jobs.

    Countries must co-operate regionally on green innovation. This means sharing best practices, pooling resources, and making coordinated efforts towards green industrialisation.

    Our research found that it would be useful to set up regional centres of excellence for renewable energy research and development. Regional alliances are also needed, so that countries can work together to negotiate better terms for green finance. This could enhance Africa’s journey towards the kind of green industrialisation that is cost effective and sustainable over time.

    What needs to happen next

    These steps would boost the impact of green finance on industrialisation in Africa:

    • more climate finance, including finance from the private sector

    • environmental taxation – a policy tool to limit activities, goods or services that have negative environmental impacts

    • reform of multilateral development agencies to make it easier for African countries to access to climate funds

    • development bank funding tailored to the needs of African countries. Nations that invest in renewable energy manufacturing should get tax breaks and other incentives. Green bonds that only fund renewable energy projects should be issued to attract private investors

    • vocational training and higher education programmes that focus on training people in green technologies must get government funding.

    Africa has a huge problem with trying to build some resilience to the effects of climate change, such as floods and drought. Economic development is also a challenge on the continent. Both could be addressed by green industrialisation. With the right investments in green finance, innovation and infrastructure, the continent can unlock sustainable growth, reduce poverty and help curb climate change.

    Nara Monkam receives funding from the University of Pretoria.

    – ref. Has finance for green industry had an impact in Africa? What’s happened in 41 countries over 20 years – https://theconversation.com/has-finance-for-green-industry-had-an-impact-in-africa-whats-happened-in-41-countries-over-20-years-244567

    MIL OSI – Global Reports –

    February 16, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Global: Fourth industrial revolution in South Africa: inequality stands in the way of true progress

    Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Zama Mthombeni, Senior lecturer, University of Pretoria

    Low-income South Africans in rural areas feel left out of the technological advancements linked to the fourth industrial revolution. Lucian Coman/Shutterstock

    In his 2019 State of the Nation address, South Africa’s President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that he was creating a commission on the fourth industrial revolution (4IR).

    The term refers to the integration of advanced digital technologies like AI and robotics, as well as automation, into various economic and social domains. The first (1760s to early 1800s), second (1870s to early 1900s) and third (1950s to late 20th century) industrial revolutions were mechanical and electronic in nature. The 4IR is characterised by the fusion of physical, digital and biological systems. It is fundamentally reshaping industries, work and societies.

    Ramaphosa acknowledged at the time that the 4IR “may lead to job losses”. However, he added, it would also “create many new opportunities”:

    Through this transformation, we can build the South Africa we want, ensuring inclusive and shared growth for all.

    Six years on, the commission’s work has yielded some results. It’s led to the establishment of the National Artificial Intelligence Institute and the creation of AI hubs in key sectors like healthcare and mining.

    But how do ordinary South Africans view the 4IR? Globally, research has shown that there’s a stark divide in how people view the promises and perils of modern technological advancements. The wealthy, armed with access to education and resources, see opportunity. Marginalised groups, particularly those in lower-income brackets, are left fearing job losses and economic exclusion. Historical and cultural anxieties around technology also play a role in people’s perceptions.

    I’m a researcher whose work explores, among other things, the intersection of technology, policy and governance. I am especially interested in the 4IR in a South African context and recently co-authored a study with development studies scholar Oliver Mtapuri to examine the role of social class on people’s views of technological change.

    We found that wealthier South Africans, particularly those in urban areas, were more optimistic about automation, artificial intelligence and other emerging 4IR technologies than those in lower-income and rural communities. Racial disparities were evident, too. White South Africans were 2.5 times more likely to report feeling comfortable with technological change than Black South Africans.

    These findings can help policymakers understand how best to push for a 4IR in South Africa that doesn’t deepen existing inequalities. This will require inclusive digital policies and expanded access to technology and training. Here South Africa could learn from countries like Germany and Finland.

    Germany is working nationwide to equip workers with the skills needed for an increasingly digital economy. Finland, meanwhile, has focused on active labour market policies. It combines digital training programmes with progressive social welfare measures to support workers transitioning between industries. Both countries have also expanded social protections by extending unemployment benefits and offering financial support for retraining. They’ve also ensured that gig and platform workers have access to social security.

    Marginalised groups left behind

    Our data was drawn from the South African Social Attitudes Survey. It’s a nationally representative survey of 2,736 adults (16 and older). We conducted a secondary analysis of the data. The focus was on questions in the survey about technological change, fears of job displacement and access to digital tools. This, alongside an analysis of demographic data in the survey, allowed us to examine class, race and geographic disparities in perceptions of automation, AI and digital transformation.




    Read more:
    South Africans are upbeat about new technologies, but worried about jobs


    Some of the key findings were:

    • 56% of South Africans believed that 4IR technologies would lead to job losses rather than job creation. Lower-income groups expressed the highest levels of concern.

    • Unemployment was a key determinant of 4IR scepticism: 63% of unemployed respondents felt threatened by automation, compared to 41% of those currently employed.

    • Only 29% of respondents from rural areas reported having regular access to the internet. The figure was 74% among urban respondents.

    There are structural and historical barriers to lower-income South Africans’ economic mobility, access to quality education and participation in the digital economy.

    Apartheid-era policies entrenched economic disparities. These still show in unequal access to education and infrastructure.

    Today, rural areas lack reliable internet connections. (About 31.18% of South Africa’s population live in rural areas.) This makes it nearly impossible for people to benefit from or contribute to the digital economy.

    Many industries at the forefront of automation, such as manufacturing and agriculture, are those with the highest number of low-skilled workers. Research by the International Labour Organisation emphasises that vulnerable workers all over the world often lack the skills needed in new job markets. This reinforces workers’ fears that technology will replace them.

    Closing the gap: policy solutions

    It will take bold, inclusive policies to address these inequalities.

    The South African government must do more to increase access to technology. It already subsidises internet costs especially to schools. It has also expanded broadband networks into some under-served areas. And it offers free digital skills programmes. The problem is that these efforts are piecemeal. A more cohesive national strategy is needed.




    Read more:
    The Fourth Industrial Revolution: a seductive idea requiring critical engagement


    Policies must also be developed with those who have been excluded from technological progress. This will allow them to participate fully in the digital economy – and, perhaps, come to understand and trust technology a bit more.

    In practice, this could mean expanding initiatives like the National Digital and Future Skills strategy, which aims to equip citizens with the necessary skills to participate in the digital economy. This focuses on developing digital skills across various sectors and communities, ensuring inclusivity and broad participation.

    Additionally, policies could support township-based digital innovation hubs such as the Tshimologong Digital Innovation Precinct. It provides training, incubation and resources to entrepreneurs from marginalised communities, enabling them to participate meaningfully in the digital economy.

    Industries have a role to play, too. Singapore’s Skills Future initiative provides citizens with resources to adapt to changing job markets. This is a good example of government and industry working together. Closer to home, Rwanda’s Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR) brings together “government, industry, civil society and academia to co-design, test and refine policy frameworks and governance protocols that maximise the benefits of new technologies”.

    The 4IR has the potential to transform South Africa. But this will only happen if its benefits are shared equitably among all citizens. Innovation must be re-imagined not as a tool to consolidate wealth and privilege but as a means of creating a more inclusive society.

    Zama Mthombeni does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. Fourth industrial revolution in South Africa: inequality stands in the way of true progress – https://theconversation.com/fourth-industrial-revolution-in-south-africa-inequality-stands-in-the-way-of-true-progress-248475

    MIL OSI – Global Reports –

    February 16, 2025
  • MIL-OSI USA: Mass Civil Servant Layoffs Harm Vital Work Washingtonians Depend On

    US Senate News:

    Source: United States Senator for Washington Maria Cantwell

    02.15.25

    Mass Civil Servant Layoffs Harm Vital Work Washingtonians Depend On

    Trump Admin arbitrarily fires as many as 200k federal employees, hindering or even halting ongoing projects & programs; Layoffs include personnel at HHS, DOE, VA, Dept. of Ag, and mor

    WASHINGTON, D.C. – Yesterday, the Trump administration announced it would recommend mass layoffs across the federal government, which could total as many as 200,000 federal workers across multiple agencies.  The full scope of the mass firings is still emerging, but the administration is reportedly targeting federal employees who lack full civil service protections and appeal rights because they do not have these protections, not for performance reasons.

    Said U.S. Senator Maria Cantwell (D-WA): “The Trump Administration is trying to illegally cut the federal workforce in an attempt to come up with a budget and tax increases on middle class Americans, all while giving $4 trillion in tax breaks to corporations and the wealthiest individuals. Our deficit and essential programs like Medicaid can’t take the Trump hack job.  

    The Trump Administration is also leaving Americans’ data exposed while he is doing it. What is he going to do next that will make it easier for Americans to be spied on?”

    The layoffs include personnel who work in Washington state, or who work on projects and programs vital to the people in the state. Potentially impacted agencies include:

    The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS):

    Approximate number of layoffs nationwide: 5,200 agency-wide, including 1,300 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Initial reports from the Indian Health Service (IHS) also indicate that these firings include 850 IHS employees, including 90 physicians, 350 nurses, at least 25 nurse practitioners, nearly 20 dentists, 43 dental assistants, more than 85 pharmacists, 45 lab technicians, and more than 15 service area chief executives or their deputies.

    Vital projects or programs in the state that could be threatened: In 2023, Washington state received almost $1.3 billion in National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding. Any delays or reductions in NIH funding could threaten the 12,000 jobs that this funding supports, especially for our major research centers like University of Washington, Washington State University, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center.

    Over 70% of CDC’s funding goes directly to state, local, Tribal, and territorial health departments and partners. CDC also fills critical public health staffing gaps for states, counties, cities, and at Tribal levels, including sending highly trained “Disease Detectives” to states for outbreak responses. Without this support, states will face significant public health workforce shortages limiting critical public health programs that ensure our food, water, and communities is are safe. In 2023, Washington state received $13.3 million from the CDC’s Public Health Emergency Preparedness Fund. This funding is vital for Washington state’s ability to respond to emerging bio threats like the avian flu.

    The Department of Energy (DOE):

    Approximate number of layoffs nationwide: 2,000 agency-wide, including 200 (6%) at Bonneville Power Administration, 325 at the National Nuclear Security Administration, and fewer than 10 at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. At this time, the number of impacted employees at Hanford remains unclear.

    The Department of Agriculture (USDA):

    Approximate number of layoffs nationwide: 800 from USDA Agricultural Research Service and 3,400 from USDA Forest Service (roughly 10% of the entire USFS).

    Department of Veterans Affairs (VA):

    Total approximate number of layoffs nationwide: Over 1,000, though the VA says no one has been fired who supports direct benefits or services for veterans and their beneficiaries.

    The Department of the Interior (DOI):

    Approximate number of layoffs nationwide: 2,600 agency-wide, including 118 from the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 800 from the Bureau of Land Management, and potentially up to 1,700 from the National Parks Service.

    Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD):

    Total approximate number of layoffs nationwide: 4,800 (roughly 50% of HUD workforce), including 786 (84%) of Community Planning and Development, 438 (76.5%) of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity, and 148 (75.5%) of Policy Development and Research.

    Small Business Administration (SBA):

    Total approximate number of layoffs nationwide: 720 (20% of agency’s workforce).

    Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):

    Total approximate number of layoffs nationwide: 1,700 received warning emails.

    MIL OSI USA News –

    February 16, 2025
  • MIL-OSI China: Munich Security Conference highlights Europe’s struggle for strategic realignment

    Source: China State Council Information Office

    The 61st Munich Security Conference, which kicked off on Friday, has underscored the complex challenges facing Europe and the urgent need for the continent to define its strategic role in an increasingly volatile global landscape.

    From the persistent conflict in Ukraine to rising uncertainties in the transatlantic alliance, as well as mounting pressures on the EU’s vision for the international order, the conference focused on the multiple crises Europe faces. It also highlighted the need for the continent to navigate these complexities and assert its place on the world stage.

    German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier addresses the opening ceremony of the 61st Munich Security Conference (MSC) in Munich, Germany, Feb. 14, 2025. [Photo by Gao Jing/Xinhua]

    DEMANDING ROLE IN UKRAINE PEACE TALK

    Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, speaking at the conference, said that once Ukraine reaches an agreement with the United States and Europe on how to end the conflict, he will be ready to hold direct talks with Russia. “I am ready to meet only in this case,” he stressed.

    The announcement came days after U.S. President Donald Trump had held separate phone calls with Russian President Vladimir Putin and the Ukrainian leader.

    Following a 90-minute phone call with Putin, Trump announced that negotiations to end the conflicts would start “immediately.”

    However, concerns ignited in Europe over being sidelined in peace talks.

    On Wednesday, a joint statement by multiple European countries and the European Commission stated, “Ukraine and Europe must be part of any negotiations.”

    German Chancellor Olaf Scholz echoed this sentiment on Thursday, stating that “a dictated peace will never find our support” and stressing that peace must last and ensure Ukraine’s sovereignty.

    Addressing the opening of the conference, German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier said “everyone wants this war to end,” adding that how it ends will have “a lasting impact on our security order” and the power position of Europe and the United States.

    European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen warned that “a failed Ukraine would weaken Europe, but it would also weaken the United States.”

    She expressed her concerns by saying that many in European security circles were “confused,” some even worried, by Washington’s recent comments.

    TRANSATLANTIC TIES UNDER STRAIN

    On Monday, the security conference released a report underscoring the challenges to the transatlantic relationship under the new U.S. administration.

    The report expressed apprehension about a “more selective, often unilateral, international engagement” from the United States and warned that the United States could relinquish its historic role as Europe’s security guarantor.

    Expressing his concerns about relations with the United States, Steinmeier said that the new U.S. administration has “a different worldview than we do,” one that disregards established rules, partnerships and trust.

    “We cannot change that. We must accept that and deal with it,” he said.

    The shift in responsibilities described in the conference report has already been reflected in actions taken by the new administration, such as imposing tariffs on steel and aluminum imports — a move the European Union deems unjustified and which “will not go unanswered.”

    “We know how quickly tariffs can affect essential transatlantic supply chains,” said von der Leyen, reiterating that trade wars and punitive tariffs make no sense.

    According to a survey conducted by the European Council on Foreign Relations after the U.S. presidential election, Europeans have adopted a newly pessimistic outlook on the transatlantic partnership.

    The survey revealed that Europeans increasingly view the United States less as an ally sharing the same interests and values and more as a necessary partner with whom they must strategically cooperate.

    Europe’s current struggles to address its security challenges highlight the risks of over-reliance on the United States and foreshadow growing difficulties in the transatlantic partnership, Wu Shicun, president of the Huayang Center for Maritime Cooperation and Ocean Governance, told Xinhua at the conference.

    He said Europe’s current predicament in resolving its security issues “warrants reflection,” suggesting that dependence on the United States for protection would significantly limit Europe’s autonomy and influence on the world stage.

    “I could sense at the (conference) that the future transatlantic partnership will face many challenges,” Wu said.

    BRACE OR BE BLOWN AWAY

    “Europe must use the potential for transatlantic tensions to get its act together and start working on necessary internal market reforms and boost European innovation and competitiveness,” Peterson Institute for International Economics commented in an opinion piece.

    Home to the world’s highest concentration of developed countries, the EU, once the world’s largest economy, has seen a continuous decline in its competitiveness in recent years.

    According to a flash estimate published by Eurostat, the EU’s statistical office, in the fourth quarter of 2024, seasonally adjusted GDP increased by 0.2 percent in the EU compared with the previous quarter.

    The slow pace highlights the ongoing challenges facing Europe’s economy, with risks ranging from geopolitical tensions and persistent energy vulnerabilities to escalating trade disputes and political unrest.

    A report titled “Multipolarization,” unveiled ahead of the Munich gathering, emphasized that Europe has been facing its most challenging geopolitical situation since the end of the Cold War, while underscoring the ongoing transformation of the international system into a more multipolar world.

    “It is imperative that the EU diversifies its trade relations and forges new partnerships with countries of the so-called Global South,” said the report.

    According to conference organizers, over 30 percent of speakers at this year’s conference will represent the Global South nations, ensuring their voices are heard in discussions on the evolving multipolar order.

    As the global landscape is increasingly defined by crisis, Europe’s ability to determine its role and strategic path will be of paramount importance, said Wang Yiwei, director of the Institute of International Affairs at Renmin University of China.

    In an interview with the Financial Times published on Friday, French President Emmanuel Macron championed the need for Europe to “muscle up” on defense and the economy.

    Trump’s designs on Gaza and Greenland were examples of the “extreme strategic uncertainty” the world is experiencing now, said Macron. This uncertainty demands a radical rethinking of how the EU and its member states operate. Macron has called on Europe to “wake up” and spend more on defense to reduce its reliance on the United States for its security.

    “This is Europe’s moment to accelerate and execute,” said the French president in the interview. “It has no choice. It is running out of road.”

    “A complacent shrug or a knee-jerk response to any soundbite coming out of the White House or Mar-a-Lago won’t be enough. Europe needs to take back control of its own destiny,” Carsten Brzeski, the global head of Macro for ING Research, warned in an article published in January.

    “2025 really is a make-it-or-break-it moment for Europe,” said Brzeski. “Europe needs to change. And change fast.”

    MIL OSI China News –

    February 16, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Global: M23 rebels are marching across eastern DRC: the interests driving players in the conflict

    Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Kristof Titeca, Professor in International Development, University of Antwerp

    The current conditions in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) resemble the situation during the Second Congo War between 1998 and 2003. This resulted in millions of deaths, with neighbouring countries – especially Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi – playing a significant role.

    The pan-African weekly The Continent has already raised alarms. A February 2025 cover features a cartoon referencing the 1884 Berlin Conference, but instead of colonial powers carving up the Congo, it depicts regional states dividing the country among themselves. Kristof Titeca, who has extensively studied the dynamics of conflict in the DRC, unpacks the interests of the key players.

    The DRC

    The M23 rebel group entered the outskirts of Bukavu, a city of 1.3 million in eastern DRC, in mid-February 2025. This happened two weeks after Goma, another city in the region, came under the control of M23 rebels. With support from the Rwandan army, M23 already controls vast territory in eastern DRC.

    The current situation doesn’t look good for DRC president Felix Tshisekedi. The further M23 advances, the more it highlights the failure of his policies in eastern Congo and weakens his legitimacy. Notably, he was not physically present at a peace summit in Tanzania on the conflict in early February 2025. In the same month, he also called off peace talks in Paris at the last minute. On social media, videos are circulating of Congolese soldiers fleeing the towns they should be protecting.

    Kinshasa is filled with rumours about internal political and military tensions: fears of a coup could have prevented Tshisekedi from travelling to the earlier peace talks. The president’s personal security is handled by an Israeli security firm, indicating the level of distrust towards his own security services.

    As it stands, Kinshasa seems to have lost control over the situation in the east. Tshisekedi has largely pinned his hopes on international pressure. Yet, many international actors have expressed frustration with his erratic and sometimes unrealistic decisions in addressing the conflict. Tshisekedi has purchased new and sophisticated weapons instead of tackling the structural weaknesses of the army (such as widespread corruption). He also decided to collaborate with a wide range of armed groups under the “Wazalendo” banner to stop rebel forces.

    Rwanda

    In theory, M23 is fighting to protect the Rwandophone community in eastern Congo (particularly the Tutsi community). Under the Alliance Fleuve Congo – the political wing of the M23 rebellion – this goal later expanded into a broader national agenda aiming to overthrow the regime in Kinshasa.

    Whether this will actually happen remains uncertain. What is, however, certain is that Rwanda’s interests mainly lie in the east of the country. These interests are a mix of political, economic and security factors – strongly rooted in history.

    Rwanda’s president Paul Kagame in the past has publicly questioned the borders between Rwanda and Congo. This narrative on “Greater Rwanda” would mean extending Rwanda beyond its colonial borders. Access to resources plays a role in Rwanda’s presence in the DRC, as does (in)security.

    Rwanda wants influence and control. This is where M23 plays a crucial role. In Kigali, the idea of eastern DRC as a “buffer zone” is openly used. This would mean having an armed actor, such as the M23, govern provinces in the eastern region to protect Rwanda’s political, security and economic interests.

    Uganda

    Shortly after the fall of Goma, neighbouring Uganda deployed around 1,000 additional troops to Congo. In private conversations with me, diplomats estimate the country already had between 3,000 and 7,000 troops in the DRC. Officially, Uganda is there to fight another rebel group – the Allied Democratic Forces, which is linked to the Islamic State. However, these newly deployed troops have been moving towards the M23 rebels.

    Uganda has always played an ambiguous role in the conflict. On the one hand, it wants to continue joint military operations with the Congolese army against the Allied Democratic Forces. On the other hand, it cannot allow its long-standing “frenemy” Rwanda to be the only power exerting influence over eastern Congo and M23.

    For the past 30 years, these two neighbouring countries have competed for control in eastern Congo – sometimes cooperating, but often in direct competition.

    Like Rwanda, Uganda’s main export is gold, and just like Rwanda, the vast majority of this gold comes from eastern Congo.

    Several prominent Ugandan political and military figures – including Muhoozi Kainerugaba, the head of the Ugandan army and son of the president – have openly voiced their support for M23 and questioned Congo’s borders. And shortly after M23 entered Bukavu, Muhoozi announced – again – an expansion of the Ugandan operation in DRC, threatening an attack in the town of Bunia in the eastern province of Ituri.

    In the current context, the movement of Ugandan troops could be seen as a clear signal to Rwanda: this is our zone of influence. In doing so, the conflict concerningly starts to look like the Second Congo War when Uganda and Rwanda divided Congolese territory. Uganda claimed Ituri, while Rwanda claimed the North and South Kivu provinces.

    Burundi

    Burundian troops are present in Congo at the invitation of Kinshasa. Meanwhile, tensions between Burundi and Rwanda are rising. UN reports indicate that both Burundi and Rwanda have resumed supporting rebel groups against each other’s governments in eastern Congo. These reports also claim that the Rwandan army has issued direct orders to target Burundian soldiers in the region.

    Burundian president Évariste Ndayishimiye has warned of an escalating regional war, and even suggested that Rwanda is planning to invade Burundi.

    With the M23 entering Bukavu, the group is getting increasingly close to the Burundian border, increasing the country’s concerns of regional escalation.

    International community

    The risk of an escalation of the DRC conflict underscores a number of issues. Most obviously, any attempt to resolve the crisis needs to involve the regional countries involved.

    It also shows the importance of international pressure on Rwanda. It is generally accepted by analysts that this pressure – such as a US$240 million aid cut by a variety of donors – played a key role in ending the 2012-2013 M23 conflict.

    While actors such as the European Union and United States have firmly condemned Rwanda, this has materialised into little action. So far, Germany has suspended aid talks with Rwanda, and the United Kingdom has threatened to cut aid. Other than that, there has been no action – a striking difference from 2012-2013.

    Given US president Donald Trump’s “America First” policy, eyes are on the European Union to take action. However, internal differences are so far making this difficult. Belgium has been pushing for sanctions, while France has been taking the lead in blocking these. France’s national interests are a key reason for this: Rwandan peacekeeping troops are key in Mozambique, where a major TotalEnergies gas project – worth US$20 billion – is on hold because of an ongoing insurgency.

    Next steps

    The structural weaknesses of the Tshisekedi government should not be used as an excuse by international actors to fail to pressure Rwanda. At the moment, there is a major risk of the violence in eastern DRC escalating to the region.

    Further, there is already a major humanitarian crisis. Since the beginning of the year alone, more than 700,000 people in the DRC have been displaced by the M23 conflict. The World Health Organization has warned that a public health “nightmare” is unfolding. Since the fall of Goma, M23 has unlawfully ordered tens of thousands of displaced people to leave the camps around the city. To prevent a bigger regional humanitarian crisis, urgent action is therefore needed.

    Kristof Titeca is a Senior Associate Fellow at the Egmont Institute (Brussels).

    – ref. M23 rebels are marching across eastern DRC: the interests driving players in the conflict – https://theconversation.com/m23-rebels-are-marching-across-eastern-drc-the-interests-driving-players-in-the-conflict-249738

    MIL OSI – Global Reports –

    February 16, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Africa: M23 rebels are marching across eastern DRC: the interests driving players in the conflict

    Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Kristof Titeca, Professor in International Development, University of Antwerp

    The current conditions in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) resemble the situation during the Second Congo War between 1998 and 2003. This resulted in millions of deaths, with neighbouring countries – especially Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi – playing a significant role.

    The pan-African weekly The Continent has already raised alarms. A February 2025 cover features a cartoon referencing the 1884 Berlin Conference, but instead of colonial powers carving up the Congo, it depicts regional states dividing the country among themselves. Kristof Titeca, who has extensively studied the dynamics of conflict in the DRC, unpacks the interests of the key players.

    The DRC

    The M23 rebel group entered the outskirts of Bukavu, a city of 1.3 million in eastern DRC, in mid-February 2025. This happened two weeks after Goma, another city in the region, came under the control of M23 rebels. With support from the Rwandan army, M23 already controls vast territory in eastern DRC.

    The current situation doesn’t look good for DRC president Felix Tshisekedi. The further M23 advances, the more it highlights the failure of his policies in eastern Congo and weakens his legitimacy. Notably, he was not physically present at a peace summit in Tanzania on the conflict in early February 2025. In the same month, he also called off peace talks in Paris at the last minute. On social media, videos are circulating of Congolese soldiers fleeing the towns they should be protecting.

    Kinshasa is filled with rumours about internal political and military tensions: fears of a coup could have prevented Tshisekedi from travelling to the earlier peace talks. The president’s personal security is handled by an Israeli security firm, indicating the level of distrust towards his own security services.

    As it stands, Kinshasa seems to have lost control over the situation in the east. Tshisekedi has largely pinned his hopes on international pressure. Yet, many international actors have expressed frustration with his erratic and sometimes unrealistic decisions in addressing the conflict. Tshisekedi has purchased new and sophisticated weapons instead of tackling the structural weaknesses of the army (such as widespread corruption). He also decided to collaborate with a wide range of armed groups under the “Wazalendo” banner to stop rebel forces.

    Rwanda

    In theory, M23 is fighting to protect the Rwandophone community in eastern Congo (particularly the Tutsi community). Under the Alliance Fleuve Congo – the political wing of the M23 rebellion – this goal later expanded into a broader national agenda aiming to overthrow the regime in Kinshasa.

    Whether this will actually happen remains uncertain. What is, however, certain is that Rwanda’s interests mainly lie in the east of the country. These interests are a mix of political, economic and security factors – strongly rooted in history.

    Rwanda’s president Paul Kagame in the past has publicly questioned the borders between Rwanda and Congo. This narrative on “Greater Rwanda” would mean extending Rwanda beyond its colonial borders. Access to resources plays a role in Rwanda’s presence in the DRC, as does (in)security.

    Rwanda wants influence and control. This is where M23 plays a crucial role. In Kigali, the idea of eastern DRC as a “buffer zone” is openly used. This would mean having an armed actor, such as the M23, govern provinces in the eastern region to protect Rwanda’s political, security and economic interests.

    Uganda

    Shortly after the fall of Goma, neighbouring Uganda deployed around 1,000 additional troops to Congo. In private conversations with me, diplomats estimate the country already had between 3,000 and 7,000 troops in the DRC. Officially, Uganda is there to fight another rebel group – the Allied Democratic Forces, which is linked to the Islamic State. However, these newly deployed troops have been moving towards the M23 rebels.

    Uganda has always played an ambiguous role in the conflict. On the one hand, it wants to continue joint military operations with the Congolese army against the Allied Democratic Forces. On the other hand, it cannot allow its long-standing “frenemy” Rwanda to be the only power exerting influence over eastern Congo and M23.

    For the past 30 years, these two neighbouring countries have competed for control in eastern Congo – sometimes cooperating, but often in direct competition.

    Like Rwanda, Uganda’s main export is gold, and just like Rwanda, the vast majority of this gold comes from eastern Congo.

    Several prominent Ugandan political and military figures – including Muhoozi Kainerugaba, the head of the Ugandan army and son of the president – have openly voiced their support for M23 and questioned Congo’s borders. And shortly after M23 entered Bukavu, Muhoozi announced – again – an expansion of the Ugandan operation in DRC, threatening an attack in the town of Bunia in the eastern province of Ituri.

    In the current context, the movement of Ugandan troops could be seen as a clear signal to Rwanda: this is our zone of influence. In doing so, the conflict concerningly starts to look like the Second Congo War when Uganda and Rwanda divided Congolese territory. Uganda claimed Ituri, while Rwanda claimed the North and South Kivu provinces.

    Burundi

    Burundian troops are present in Congo at the invitation of Kinshasa. Meanwhile, tensions between Burundi and Rwanda are rising. UN reports indicate that both Burundi and Rwanda have resumed supporting rebel groups against each other’s governments in eastern Congo. These reports also claim that the Rwandan army has issued direct orders to target Burundian soldiers in the region.

    Burundian president Évariste Ndayishimiye has warned of an escalating regional war, and even suggested that Rwanda is planning to invade Burundi.

    With the M23 entering Bukavu, the group is getting increasingly close to the Burundian border, increasing the country’s concerns of regional escalation.

    International community

    The risk of an escalation of the DRC conflict underscores a number of issues. Most obviously, any attempt to resolve the crisis needs to involve the regional countries involved.

    It also shows the importance of international pressure on Rwanda. It is generally accepted by analysts that this pressure – such as a US$240 million aid cut by a variety of donors – played a key role in ending the 2012-2013 M23 conflict.

    While actors such as the European Union and United States have firmly condemned Rwanda, this has materialised into little action. So far, Germany has suspended aid talks with Rwanda, and the United Kingdom has threatened to cut aid. Other than that, there has been no action – a striking difference from 2012-2013.

    Given US president Donald Trump’s “America First” policy, eyes are on the European Union to take action. However, internal differences are so far making this difficult. Belgium has been pushing for sanctions, while France has been taking the lead in blocking these. France’s national interests are a key reason for this: Rwandan peacekeeping troops are key in Mozambique, where a major TotalEnergies gas project – worth US$20 billion – is on hold because of an ongoing insurgency.

    Next steps

    The structural weaknesses of the Tshisekedi government should not be used as an excuse by international actors to fail to pressure Rwanda. At the moment, there is a major risk of the violence in eastern DRC escalating to the region.

    Further, there is already a major humanitarian crisis. Since the beginning of the year alone, more than 700,000 people in the DRC have been displaced by the M23 conflict. The World Health Organization has warned that a public health “nightmare” is unfolding. Since the fall of Goma, M23 has unlawfully ordered tens of thousands of displaced people to leave the camps around the city. To prevent a bigger regional humanitarian crisis, urgent action is therefore needed.

    – M23 rebels are marching across eastern DRC: the interests driving players in the conflict
    – https://theconversation.com/m23-rebels-are-marching-across-eastern-drc-the-interests-driving-players-in-the-conflict-249738

    MIL OSI Africa –

    February 16, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Global: How to find climate data and science the Trump administration removed from government websites

    Source: The Conversation – USA – By Eric Nost, Associate Professor of Geography, University of Guelph

    Government scientists at NOAA collect and provide crucial public information about coastal conditions that businesses, individuals and other scientists rely on. NOAA’s National Ocean Service

    Information on the internet might seem like it’s there forever, but it’s only as permanent as people choose to make it.

    That’s apparent as the second Trump administration “floods the zone” with efforts to dismantle science agencies and the data and websites they use to communicate with the public. The targets range from public health and demographics to climate science.

    We are a research librarian and policy scholar who belong to a network called the Public Environmental Data Partners, a coalition of nonprofits, archivists and researchers who rely on federal data in our analysis, advocacy and litigation and are working to ensure that data remains available to the public.

    In just the first three weeks of Trump’s term, we saw agencies remove access to at least a dozen climate and environmental justice analysis tools. The new administration also scrubbed the phrase “climate change” from government websites, as well as terms like “resilience.”

    Here’s why and how Public Environmental Data Partners and others are making sure that the climate science the public depends on is available forever.

    Why government websites and data matter

    The internet and the availability of data are necessary for innovation, research and daily life.

    Climate scientists analyze NASA satellite observations and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather records to understand changes underway in the Earth system, what’s causing them and how to protect the climates that economies were built on. Other researchers use these sources alongside Census Bureau data to understand who is most affected by climate change. And every day, people around the world log onto the Environmental Protection Agency’s website to learn how to protect themselves from hazards — and to find out what the government is or isn’t doing to help.

    If the data and tools used to understand complex data are abruptly taken off the internet, the work of scientists, civil society organizations and government officials themselves can grind to a halt. The generation of scientific data and analysis by government scientists is also crucial. Many state governments run environmental protection and public health programs that depend on science and data collected by federal agencies.

    Removing information from government websites also makes it harder for the public to effectively participate in key processes of democracy, including changes to regulations. When an agency proposes to repeal a rule, for example, it is required to solicit comments from the public, who often depend on government websites to find information relevant to the rule.

    And when web resources are altered or taken offline, it breeds mistrust in both government and science. Government agencies have collected climate data, conducted complex analyses, provided funding and hosted data in a publicly accessible manner for years. People around the word understand climate change in large part because of U.S. federal data. Removing it deprives everyone of important information about their world.

    Bye-bye data?

    The first Trump administration removed discussions of climate change and climate policies widely across government websites. However, in our research with the Environmental Data and Governance Initiative over those first four years, we didn’t find evidence that datasets had been permanently deleted.

    The second Trump administration seems different, with more rapid and pervasive removal of information.

    In response, groups involved in Public Environmental Data Partners have been archiving climate datasets our community has prioritized, uploading copies to public repositories and cataloging where and how to find them if they go missing from government websites.

    Most federal agencies decreased their use of the phrase ‘climate change’ on websites during the first Trump administration, 2017-2020.
    Eric Nost, et al., 2021, CC BY

    As of Feb. 13, 2025, we hadn’t seen the destruction of climate science records. Many of these data collection programs, such as those at NOAA or EPA’s Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program, are required by Congress. However, the administration had limited or eliminated access to a lot of data.

    Maintaining tools for understanding climate change

    We’ve seen a targeted effort to systematically remove tools like dashboards that summarize and visualize the social dimensions of climate change. For instance, the Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool mapped low-income and other marginalized communities that are expected to experience severe climate changes, such as crop losses and wildfires. The mapping tool was taken offline shortly after Trump’s first set of executive orders.

    Most of the original data behind the mapping tool, like the wildfire risk predictions, is still available, but is now harder to find and access. But because the mapping tool was developed as an open-source project, we were able to recreate it.

    Preserving websites for the future

    In some cases, entire webpages are offline. For instance, the page for the 25-year-old Climate Change Center at the Department of Transportation doesn’t exist anymore. The link just sends visitors back to the department’s homepage.

    Other pages have limited access. For instance, EPA hasn’t yet removed its climate change pages, but it has removed “climate change” from its navigation menu, making it harder to find those pages.

    During Donald Trump’s first week back in office, the Department of Transportation removed its Climate Change Center webpage.
    Internet Archive Wayback Machine

    Fortunately, our partners at the End of Term Web Archive have captured snapshots of millions of government webpages and made them accessible through the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine. The group has done this after each administration since 2008.

    If you’re looking at a webpage and you think it should include a discussion of climate change, use the “changes” tool“ in the Wayback Machine to check if the language has been altered over time, or navigate to the site’s snapshots of the page before Trump’s inauguration.

    What you can do

    You can also find archived climate and environmental justice datasets and tools on the Public Environmental Data Partners website. Other groups are archiving datasets linked in the Data.gov data portal and making them findable in other locations.

    Individual researchers are also uploading datasets in searchable repositories like OSF, run by the Center for Open Science.

    If you are worried that certain data currently still available might disappear, consult this checklist from MIT Libraries. It provides steps for how you can help safeguard federal data.

    Narrowing the knowledge sphere

    What’s unclear is how far the administration will push its attempts to remove, block or hide climate data and science, and how successful it will be.

    Already, a federal district court judge has ruled that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s removal of access to public health resources that doctors rely on was harmful and arbitrary. These were put back online thanks to that ruling.

    We worry that more data and information removals will narrow public understanding of climate change, leaving people, communities and economies unprepared and at greater risk. While data archiving efforts can stem the tide of removals to some extent, there is no replacement for the government research infrastructures that produce and share climate data.

    Eric Nost is affiliated with the Environmental Data and Governance Initiative and the Public Environmental Data Partners.

    Alejandro Paz is affiliated with the Environmental Data and Governance Initiative.

    – ref. How to find climate data and science the Trump administration removed from government websites – https://theconversation.com/how-to-find-climate-data-and-science-the-trump-administration-removed-from-government-websites-249321

    MIL OSI – Global Reports –

    February 16, 2025
  • MIL-OSI USA: Following Longtime Efforts, Senator Reverend Warnock Applauds Howard University Receiving Top Research Classification

    US Senate News:

    Source: United States Senator Reverend Raphael Warnock – Georgia

    Following Longtime Efforts, Senator Reverend Warnock Applauds Howard University Receiving Top Research Classification

    Howard University announced yesterday it had been conferred a Research One (R1) Carnegie Classification, which is widely considered to be the highest research activity classification among colleges and universities in the United States
    Senator Reverend Warnock introduced his bipartisan Increase America’s Research Capacity Act of 2023, which instructs the Department of Commerce and Comptroller General of the United States to conduct studies to identify how HBCUs can achieve R1 status
    The Senator successfully secured additional funding to ensure HBCU’s and Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs) had additional administrative support to secure federal STEM dollars in the CHIPS and Science Act
    Senator Reverend Warnock is a proud product of Atlanta HBCU Morehouse College and the only HBCU alum currently serving in the U.S. Senate
    A life-long advocate of HBCUs, last year, Senator Reverend Warnock delivered commencement speeches at Georgia’s Albany State University, Tennessee State University, and Johnson C. Smith University
    Senator Reverend Warnock has secured $267 million for Georgia’s HBCUs to date, part of $17 billion in federal investments delivered to HBCUs
    Senator Reverend Warnock: “HBCUs play a vital role helping shape the next generation, and this designation goes a long way in helping illustrate their importance to our nation and their ability to perform on par and above the level of any other institution in the country”

    Washington, D.C. – Today, U.S. Senator Reverend Raphael Warnock (D-GA), a proud HBCU graduate and a champion of HBCUs in the Senate, applauded the recent announcement that Howard University was named a Research One (R1) institution by the American Council on Education (ACE), making it the first and only Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) to achieve this status.

    “HBCUs play a vital role helping shape the next generation, and this designation goes a long way in helping illustrate their importance to our nation and their ability to perform on par and above the level of any other institution in the country,” said Senator Reverend Warnock. “We know that HBCUs have long punched well above their weight, I wouldn’t be where I am today without my HBCU, Morehouse College, and as the only HBCU alum currently serving om the Senate, I will continue fighting on behalf of these storied institutions so that they have the funding needed to develop and cultivating future world contributors and leaders.”

    Senator Warnock has long worked to support HBCUs and has led two efforts to support HBCUs in pursuit of the R1 designation. In 2023, Senator Reverend Warnock introduced his bipartisan bill, the Increase America’s Research Capacity Act of 2023, which instructs the Department of Commerce and Comptroller General of the United States to conduct studies to identify how HBCUs can achieve R1 status. Additionally, the Senator successfully secured additional funding to ensure HBCU’s and Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs) had additional administrative support to secure federal STEM dollars in the CHIPS and Science Act.

    Senator Warnock led an effort highlighting his concerns with the classification methodology for higher education, urging needed reforms. In the letter, Senator Warnock urged the American Council on Education, which oversees the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, to make needed reforms to its classification methodology for higher education to reflect the importance and potential of the nation’s Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Before Howard University’s announcement, there wasn’t a single HBCU with the R-1 classification.

    There are many incredible research institutions, especially MSIs and HBCUs, that do tremendous research, but are not recognized by the current methodology, which accounts for research dollars spent and the number of research faculty, but not necessarily research quality or utility,” Senator Warnock wrote to the American Council on Education in 2023. 

    As the proud product of an HBCU, Senator Warnock is deeply committed to doing all he can to ensure these institutions thrive. To date, Senator Warnock has secured more than $267 million for Georgia HBCUs and more than $17 billion in total for HBCU campuses across the country, and has helped spearhead bipartisan calls for robust funding for HBCUs. In 2023, Senator Warnock addressed HBCU faculty and staff and led the group in prayer at the 7th Annual HBCU Fly-In and outlined his priorities for these important institutions. He has worked to strengthen 1890 land grant institutions and minority serving institutions and pushed hard to secure robust funding for 1890 Land-Grant colleges and universities.

    The “R1” or “very high research activity” status is a designation created by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, which is now being revamped by the American Council on Education (ACE). “R1” institutions have “very high research activity,” which is the highest designation of research activity.

    MIL OSI USA News –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Russia: Five best articles in Russian for 14.02.2025

    MIL analysis: Here are the top five articles in Russian published today. The analysis consists of five articles that are in priority at the moment.

    Economics and Social Performance.

    Economists from the National Research University Higher School of Economics and RUDN analyze the problems of the economy, introducing new solutions such as digitalization and artificial intelligence with human-centeredness.

    Rosneft decided to take part in the “Give books with love” campaign, developing the culture of Russia.

    What is love? NSU students decided to answer this question

    Below you can read one of the articles.

    1. Financial news: 12 regions have reached the finals of the all-Russian contest “Capital of Financial Culture”.

    According to the results of the qualifying stage of the competition members of the competition Commission chose 12 subjects of the Russian Federation, which will continue to compete for the title of “Capital of financial culture”. They are Altai Krai, Bryansk Oblast, Kaliningrad Oblast, Kemerovo Oblast – Kuzbass, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Primorsky Krai, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Stavropol Krai, Ulyanovsk Oblast, and Chuvash Republic.

    2. Implementation of sustainable development principles attracts more investments.

    Economists from the National Research University Higher School of Economics and RUDN analyzed the problems associated with the digital transformation of companies. The introduction of digital solutions into the work of companies reduces the number of patents in the field of green technologies by 4% and creates additional financial difficulties. However, if a company pays attention to sustainability and increases its Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) rating, the negative effects are reduced. Moreover, with a high ESG rating, digitalization can even increase the number of patents by 2%. The article is published in the leading international journal Sustainability.

    3. The smart bank of the future: how AI enhances human-centeredness.

    Higher School of Economics

    Thanks to the rapid development of digital technologies, the banking industry is undergoing a period of profound transformation. One of the key changes is the transition to a human-centered model that prioritizes the interests and needs of the client. This topic was discussed at the webinar of the Human-Centeredness and Leadership Practices Laboratory of the National Research University Higher School of Economics and the Bank of Russia. The event gathered over 1400 representatives of banking and financial organizations from all over Russia.

    4. Romantic love: a great feeling or a byproduct of evolution.

    Novosibirsk State University –

    Since ancient times and up to our days, philosophers and writers have tried to answer the question “what is love?”. Scientists have not been left aside. They have their own special view on this matter. Romantics believed that this great feeling is born in the heart, representatives of science do not agree with them. Studies have shown that it’s all about the complex processes that occur in the brain. From the point of view of modern science, romantic love is not a gift of fate at all, but an adaptation that arose in the process of evolution.

    5. Rosneft volunteers are developing a culture of book-giving throughout Russia.

    Rosneft enterprises across the country took part in the nationwide campaign “Give Books with Love”, which is timed to coincide with the International Book Giving Day, celebrated annually on February 14.

    As part of the campaign, the Company’s volunteers traditionally donate printed publications to urban and rural libraries, museums, educational and medical institutions. Over the years of participation in the initiative, oilmen have enriched the literary funds with thousands of various publications, including encyclopedic, popular science and art books.

    Learn more about MIL’s content and data services by visiting milnz.co.nz.

    Regards MIL!

    MIL OSI Russia News –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI USA: Governor Kehoe Appoints Associate Circuit Judge for 21st Judicial Circuit, Fills Four Boards and Commissions Vacancies

    Source: US State of Missouri

    FEBRUARY 14, 2025

    Jefferson City — Today, Governor Mike Kehoe appointed a new Associate Circuit Judge for the 21st Judicial Circuit and filled four vacancies on various boards and commissions.

    Justin W. Ruth, of University City, was appointed as Associate Circuit Judge for Saint Louis County in the 21st Judicial Circuit.

    Mr. Ruth is a principal attorney at Riezman Berger, PC. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from the University of Virginia and a Juris Doctor from Washington University School of Law in St. Louis. He is also an active member of several bar associations, including the Missouri Bar, St. Louis County Bar, and the Bar Association of Metropolitan St. Louis, where he has previously held leadership roles. Ruth was previously appointed by the Supreme Court of Missouri as a member of the OCDC Disciplinary Committee for Region XL. Mr. Ruth will fill the vacancy created by the retirement of the Honorable Nancy Watkins McLaughlin.

    Alfred Brandt, of Linn, was appointed as a member of the State Milk Board.

    Mr. Brandt was previously the owner of Brandt Dairy Farms, and has been a member of the State Milk Board since 2009, serving as the president from 2011 to 2024. He is also an active member of the Holstein Association USA Board and the St. George Parish Council. Previously, he served as President of Missouri Dairy and was a member of the Midwest Dairy Board for the MO-KAN division. Mr. Brandt holds a Bachelor of Science in Agriculture from Lincoln University.

    Louise Secker, of Joplin, was appointed to the Missouri Community Service Commission.

    Ms. Secker is a licensed real estate salesperson for Keller Williams Realty Elevate. She previously served as the Director of Development for Lafayette House in Joplin, Missouri. Beyond her professional career,  Ms. Secker has demonstrated a strong commitment to community service, holding leadership roles on the boards of Jasper County CASA, the Joplin Regional Community Foundation, and the Mount Hope Cemetery. She is also serves on the steering committee for One Joplin Collaborative and is an active member of the Friends of St. Avips, a nonprofit organization that supports fundraising efforts for the Spiva Center for the Arts.

    Jennifer Keller, of Lee’s Summit, was appointed as a member of the State Committee of Psychologists.

    Ms. Keller is a licensed psychologist and serves as Senior Director of Behavioral Health – Counseling Clinics and Psychology at University Health. She is also the Section Chief of Psychology and a Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) School of Medicine. She holds a Doctor of Psychology in Clinical Psychology from Forest Institute of Professional Psychology, her Bachelor of Science in Psychology, has completed an APA-accredited Pre-Doctoral Internship and holds a Postgraduate Certificate in Marriage and Family Therapy. With extensive experience in clinical psychology and behavioral health, Ms. Keller has held key leadership positions, including Preadolescent Program Director and Clinical Coordinator of Counseling. Since 2005, she has been an active member of the American Psychological Association and, since 2017, has served on the Missouri Psychological Association’s Evidence-Based Practice Committee.

    Timothy Flora, of Ellisville, was appointed to the Missouri State Board of Private Investigators and Private Fire Investigator Examiners.

    Mr. Flora is the President and Certified Licensed Polygraph Examiner at Mid-West Protective Service, Inc., with over 40 years of experience in law enforcement, investigation, and fire safety. He holds a Master of Arts in Legal Studies from Webster University, a Bachelor of Science in Management from Tarkio College, and a Criminal Justice Certificate from Northeast Missouri State University. Mr. Flora has served in key leadership roles, including Director of the Metro West Fire Protection District and Chairman of the Central County Emergency 911 Dispatch Center. He has been a board member of the Major Case Squad of Greater St. Louis since 2005, and currently serves on the St. Louis County Fire Standards Commission.

    ###

    MIL OSI USA News –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI USA: Warner and McConnell Introduce Vital Bill To Support Bourbon Production And Environment

    US Senate News:

    Source: United States Senator for Commonwealth of Virginia Mark R Warner

    WASHINGTON – U.S. Sen. Mark R. Warner (D-VA) and U.S. Sen. Mitch McConnell (R-KY) announced today the introduction of the White Oak Resilience Act of 2025, which will mobilize greater federal resources and direct research into safeguarding our nation’s White Oak tree population.

    White Oak trees are vital to the environmental ecosystem, as well as several trademark American industries, like bourbon and furniture production. Considered the most important hardwood tree in the eastern United States, White Oak trees provide sustenance and shelter for a host of wildlife species across the country.

    White Oak trees can take up to 25 years to reach full maturity, but a lack of seedlings has created an impending shortage that threatens the future of this species and the billions of dollars in economic impact they generate nationwide. This bipartisan legislation will help reverse the depletion of this iconic tree and address the threat its extinction poses to the American economy.

    “Kentucky bourbon is synonymous with the White Oak tree, used to age our state’s signature spirit in its wooden barrels. As we face an impending White Oak shortage, I’m proud to introduce bipartisan legislation that will help protect this species and preserve Kentucky’s iconic bourbon industry that bolsters our economy and supports thousands of jobs across the Commonwealth. This is commonsense conservation at its best,” said Senator McConnell. 

    “Virginia is home to one of the highest concentrations of White Oak trees in the country, and they play an indispensable role in our ecology and our economy,” said Senator Warner. “These trees have tremendous utility as both food for many species and material for the forestry industry, but without further action, we could face a severe shortage soon. I’m glad to sponsor bipartisan legislation that will get ahead of that crisis by bolstering a plan to regenerate our White Oak trees, keeping Virginia beautiful and investing in one of the forestry industry’s most valuable species.”

    In a statement from Brown-Forman, the largest American-owned spirits and wines company: “We are pleased to see the introduction of the White Oak Resilience Act to the Senate. Brown-Forman depends on healthy forests to provide the White Oak for our bourbon barrels. White Oak barrels are more than just a container, they’re an important ingredient that provides all of the color and more than half the flavor to our whiskeys. We are committed to the conservation of the existing hardwood forests we rely on and have undertaken several initiatives to support sustainable forestry practices. We are appreciative of the leadership from Senators McConnell and Warner, supporting this key legislation will provide critical resources for White Oak restoration.”

    “Sazerac commends Senators McConnell and Warner for introducing the Senate companion to HR 5582, the White Oak Resilience Act. Although Sazerac has locations in numerous states, we have distilleries in both Kentucky and Virginia (Buffalo Trace and 1792 in Kentucky; A. Smith Bowman in Virginia) making it particularly significant that these two senators have come together to recognize the importance of this species. The spirits industry has found the ideal wood in White Oak for our barrels and has endeavored to regenerate it for years to come,” said Elizabeth Wise, Chief Global Government and Public Affairs for Sazerac.

    “Kentucky Bourbon is an iconic industry with a history of finding ways to endure and prosper through multitudes of opportunities and challenges. Just like the Bourbon that ages in barrels made from its wood, White Oak trees and the land they grow on must go through a special process to ensure the species remains available long into the future,” said Kentucky Distillers’ Association President Eric Gregory. “With industry champions like Senator McConnell and Senator Warner leading the way, The White Oak Resilience Act is one more piece of the puzzle to guarantee that Kentucky Bourbon – America’s native spirit – can be enjoyed for generations to come.”

    “On behalf of the University of Kentucky, I want to extend our sincere thanks to Senators McConnell and Warner for introducing the White Oak Resilience Act that addresses White Oak sustainability, which is crucial to Kentucky’s signature bourbon industry. The research this measure directs will allow us to leverage our scientific expertise, particularly in genetics and genomics, to support the health and resilience of White Oak tree populations. As a land-grant institution committed to the Commonwealth’s economic development, we are well-positioned to translate our findings into practical applications for the bourbon industry,” said University of Kentucky President Eli Capilouto.

    “White Oak is a keystone species that supports over 500 types of wildlife while also bolstering rural economies and providing wood products to cities and towns across America,” said Jason Meyer, Executive Director of the White Oak Initiative. “We’d like to thank Senators Warner and McConnell for their leadership in bringing this bill forward and working together to ensure a long, sustainable future for this critical American resource.”

    “Virginia’s upland oak forests are incredibly important for wildlife and sustainable forestry, and are facing many challenges,” said Virginia State Forester Robert W. Farrell. “The White Oak Resilience Act will help Virginia’s forest landowners care for their hardwood forests and ensure White Oak is on the Virginia landscape for generations to come.”

    MIL OSI USA News –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI: Sound Financial Bancorp, Inc. Announces Annual Shareholders Meeting Date

    Source: GlobeNewswire (MIL-OSI)

    SEATTLE, Feb. 14, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Sound Financial Bancorp, Inc. (NASDAQ: SFBC) (the “Company”) announced today that the Company’s annual meeting of shareholders will be held on Tuesday, May 27, 2025. The record date for shareholders entitled to vote at the annual meeting will be March 31, 2025.

    About the Company

    Sound Financial Bancorp, Inc., a bank holding company, is the parent company of Sound Community Bank, and is headquartered in Seattle, Washington with full-service branches in Seattle, Tacoma, Mountlake Terrace, Sequim, Port Angeles, Port Ludlow and University Place. Sound Community Bank is a Fannie Mae Approved Lender and Seller/Servicer with one Loan Production Office located in the Madison Park neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. For more information, please visit www.soundcb.com. 

    For additional information contact:
    Laurie Stewart, President, CEO
    206.436.1495

    The MIL Network –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI USA: Sen. Scott Introduces Trump Dept. of Education Nominee Linda McMahon at Confirmation Hearing

    US Senate News:

    Source: United States Senator for South Carolina Tim Scott
    WASHINGTON — U.S. Senator Tim Scott (R-S.C.), member of the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (HELP) and Co-Chair of the Congressional School Choice Caucus, introduced Linda McMahon at her confirmation hearing before the HELP Committee. McMahon is President Donald J. Trump’s nominee to serve as Secretary of the Department of Education.

    “I can’t think of a more important civil rights issue today than public education and the education of our kids. I can’t think of a better person to take on that challenge than someone I had confidence [in] when she was the administrator of the SBA. I can’t think of someone better to take on this challenge than someone that took a regional company, WWE, and made it into the global powerhouse that it is today – the co-founder, the chief executive, Linda McMahon. I can’t think of someone better to do the job than someone, who served her own State Board of Education, who was a trustee at Sacred Heart University, and who led the policy initiatives at the America First Policy Institute. That would be Linda McMahon,” Senator Scott said in part.
    Watch Senator Scott’s full remarks here. 

    MIL OSI USA News –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI USA: Reed Joins Researchers & Medical Community in Opposing Major Cuts to Life-saving NIH Research

    US Senate News:

    Source: United States Senator for Rhode Island Jack Reed

    PROVIDENCE, RI – Earlier this week, a federal judge temporarily blocked the Trump Administration’s attempt to make abrupt, unlawful cuts to research funding at universities, medical schools, hospitals and other scientific institutions administered by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).  A court hearing on the matter is scheduled for February 21st. 

    Along with the uncertainty that comes with any major litigation process, so does widespread alarm about what a potential loss of federal grant dollars would mean for the organizations and communities that rely on NIH funding, including those in Rhode Island.  If Trump’s funding cuts take effect, the University of Rhode Island, Brown University, Care New England, and Brown University Health stand to lose as much as $34.3 million, according to the Boston Globe, as innovative health research would be halted, clinical trials put on hold, and an entire generation of medical researchers could lose their career opportunities overnight.

    NIH is the primary source of federal funding for medical research in the United States and has partnered with academic and medical researchers nationwide to conduct groundbreaking research that has led to scientific discoveries and advancements that have saved and transformed lives. 

    But now the Trump Administration is attempting to suddenly slash billions of dollars of federal funding annually for U.S. research institutions, including local universities, hospitals, and medical centers.  The move could hamper progress toward prevention and treatment of illnesses like Alzheimer’s, cancer, and Parkinson’s disease, and ultimately lead hospitals and universities to lay off staff and shut down laboratories.

    Today, U.S. Senator Jack Reed held a press conference at Butler Hospital to oppose these short-sighted cuts that could endanger life-saving research, good-paying jobs, and economic growth in Rhode Island and nationwide.

    “NIH is a key driver of America’s strategic advantage in science and technology, and every American who has ever set foot in a hospital has directly benefitted from NIH-supported research.   President Trump’s proposed cuts would halt research, delay promising medical advancements, and eliminate jobs at universities and hospitals,” said Senator Reed.  “NIH has a proven track record of funding scientific breakthroughs and life-saving treatments.  I am heartened that my colleague, Congressman Amo, is taking a lead role in the House to fight these cuts because Congress must work on a bipartisan basis to uphold the law and the law is clear and prohibits modifications to NIH’s indirect costs.  Instead of wasting taxpayers money on costly litigation, I urge the Trump Administration to uphold its contractual obligations that are already in place, drop its attempt to ignore Congress’ funding directives, and stop impeding scientific research and advancement.”

    Twenty-two states, including Rhode Island, sued the Trump Administration, the Department of Health and Human Services, and NIH for unlawfully cutting these funds.  This week, federal judges ordered the Trump Administration to hold off on making $4 billion in NIH cuts.

    The indirect costs that are being targeted by these funding cuts include things like utilities, support staff, cleaning costs, and financial management, as well as employing students, supplying equipment, and more. Universities and hospitals may also use this funding to ensure research facilities are compliant with federal rules and regulations, such as data security and privacy.  The amount the federal government covers is not arbitrary or unknown, rather it is based on a preestablished rate applied to select expenses. The indirect funds are provided to universities and other research institutions in addition to the research award as part of the overall federal-private partnership.

    Studies show that every dollar in NIH funding spurs almost $2.50 in economic activity.  NIH funding supports hundreds of thousands of jobs across the country and generates an estimated $92.89 billion in economic activity.

    “Rhode Island has a thriving life sciences ecosystem, with a history of innovation in research and discovery fields like neuroscience, health and aging, immunology, RNA and cancer therapy. Scientific breakthroughs can only happen with the right infrastructure – top-notch researchers, supportive institutions and critical financial support,” said Dr. Mark A. Turco, President & CEO of the Rhode Island Life Science Hub. “Reducing indirect support has the potential to slow the advancement of groundbreaking scientific advances. The Rhode Island Life Science Hub remains committed to supporting the state’s institutions, partners and the wider scientific community to continue to advance innovation that drives economic growth and, most importantly, improves the well-being of people and patients.”

    “We are extremely grateful for Senator Reed’s leadership on this critical issue. The NIH cuts being proposed directly threaten Care New England and every hospitals’ ability to provide innovative research and ultimately advanced medical care. This change would jeopardize the health of the people of Rhode Island. In addition, we are deeply concerned about its negative impact on jobs and the economy.  For the sake of patients, healthcare staff, and our state’s economic well-being, we must all speak out as Senator Reed has,” said Michael Wagner, MD, President and CEO, Care New England Health System.

    “Care New England stands united with our healthcare and academic partners in opposing the recent National Institutes of Health (NIH) policy change that would drastically reduce funding for indirect costs of research. This reduction is not just an abstract financial figure—it directly threatens the critical infrastructure that allows us to provide world-class care and conduct the innovative research that benefits our patients, our community, and the state of Rhode Island. This change will have a profound impact on Care New England’s research operations, as well as the broader healthcare ecosystem, and we are deeply concerned about its long-term consequences on jobs and the economy. We appreciate Senator Reed’s leadership in addressing this issue and urge swift action to reverse this policy for the sake of our patients, our staff, and our state’s economic well-being,” said William Grobman, MD, Chief Scientific Officer, Care New England.

    “Discoveries at America’s research universities, like the University of Rhode Island, are changing lives and saving lives,” said Kerry L. LaPlante, PharmD, dean of the University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy. “Researchers at URI are leading critical work around infectious diseases and neuroscience—like our groundbreaking research on microplastics and their impact on Alzheimer’s and dementia—as well as oncology, where we are identifying tumor development at its earliest stage. These discoveries are not possible without robust and sustained federal funding for the entire research ecosystem. Indirect costs are a critical piece of funding, and they are fundamental to advancing medical research and discovery and to the health and safety of researchers. Without these critical resources, the integrity, safety, and progress of scientific breakthroughs would be at risk. To stay competitive, Rhode Island must continue advocating for strong research funding—funding that fuels innovation, supports jobs, and sustains the research ecosystem and scientific discovery—and we are grateful to Senator Reed and our entire Rhode Island delegation for their leadership.”

    “At Brown University, in addition to halting critical research on a host of health challenges, from child mental health to Alzheimer’s disease to cancer, we estimate we’d have to cut roughly 200 jobs if the indirect cost rate is capped at 15 percent,” said Mukesh Jain, senior vice president for health affairs and dean of medicine and biological sciences at Brown University. “It’s also likely that we’d have to pause construction of the Danoff Labs in Providence’s Jewelry District, which will house research in aging, immunity, brain science, cancer and biomedical engineering, among other fields. These cuts have downstream effects on union construction jobs, building material purchases, and laboratory equipment. The ripple effects are felt through the local economy. We are thankful for Sen. Reed’s leadership on this issue.”

    During Trump’s first term in office, his Administration proposed deep NIH cuts but was rebuffed by Congress.  In the federal lawsuit filed this week, the plaintiffs contend that the past actions by Congress established funding practices that cannot be changed without Congressional approval. 

    MIL OSI USA News –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Global: Evolving intelligent life took billions of years − but it may not have been as unlikely as many scientists predicted

    Source: The Conversation – USA – By Daniel Brady Mills, Postdoctoral Fellow in Geomicrobiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

    The Sun’s distance from Earth allows it to be habitable for life. DrPixel/Moment via Getty Images

    A popular model of evolution concludes that it was incredibly unlikely for humanity to evolve on Earth, and that extraterrestrial intelligence is vanishingly rare.

    But as experts on the entangled history of life and our planet, we propose that the coevolution of life and Earth’s surface environment may have unfolded in a way that makes the evolutionary origin of humanlike intelligence a more foreseeable or expected outcome than generally thought.

    The hard-steps model

    Some of the greatest evolutionary biologists of the 20th century famously dismissed the prospect of humanlike intelligence beyond Earth.

    This view, firmly rooted in biology, independently gained support from physics in 1983 with an influential publication by Brandon Carter, a theoretical physicist.

    In 1983, Carter attempted to explain what he called a remarkable coincidence: the close approximation between the estimated lifespan of the Sun – 10 billion years – and the time Earth took to produce humans – 5 billion years, rounding up.

    Brandon Carter is a physicist at the Laboratoire Univers et Théories in Meudon, France.
    Brandon Carter/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA

    He imagined three possibilities. In one, intelligent life like humans generally arises very quickly on planets, geologically speaking – in perhaps millions of years. In another, it typically arises in about the time it took on Earth. And in the last, he imagined that Earth was lucky – ordinarily it would take much longer, say, trillions of years for such life to form.

    Carter rejected the first possibility because life on Earth took so much longer than that. He rejected the second as an unlikely coincidence, since there is no reason the processes that govern the Sun’s lifespan – nuclear fusion – should just happen to have the same timescale as biological evolution.

    So Carter landed on the third explanation: that humanlike life generally takes much longer to arise than the time provided by the lifetime of a star.

    The Sun will likely be able to keep planets habitable for only part of its lifetime – by the time it hits 10 billion years, it will get too hot.
    NASA/JPL-Caltech

    To explain why humanlike life took so long to arise, Carter proposed that it must depend on extremely unlikely evolutionary steps, and that the Earth is extraordinarily lucky to have taken them all.

    He called these evolutionary steps hard steps, and they had two main criteria. One, the hard steps must be required for human existence – meaning if they had not happened, then humans would not be here. Two, the hard steps must have very low probabilities of occurring in the available time, meaning they usually require timescales approaching 10 billion years.

    Tracing humans’ evolutionary lineage will bring you back billions of years.

    Do hard steps exist?

    The physicists Frank Tipler and John Barrow predicted that hard steps must have happened only once in the history of life – a logic taken from evolutionary biology.

    If an evolutionary innovation required for human existence was truly improbable in the available time, then it likely wouldn’t have happened more than once, although it must have happened at least once, since we exist.

    For example, the origin of nucleated – or eukaryotic – cells is one of the most popular hard steps scientists have proposed. Since humans are eukaryotes, humanity would not exist if the origin of eukaryotic cells had never happened.

    On the universal tree of life, all eukaryotic life falls on exactly one branch. This suggests that eukaryotic cells originated only once, which is consistent with their origin being unlikely.

    In the evolutionary tree of life, organisms that have eukaryotic cells are all on the same branch, suggesting this type of cell evolved only once.
    VectorMine/iStock via Getty Images Plus

    The other most popular hard-step candidates – the origin of life, oxygen-producing photosynthesis, multicellular animals and humanlike intelligence – all share the same pattern. They are each constrained to a single branch on the tree of life.

    However, as the evolutionary biologist and paleontologist Geerat Vermeij argued, there are other ways to explain why these evolutionary events appear to have happened only once.

    This pattern of apparently singular origins could arise from information loss due to extinction and the incompleteness of the fossil record. Perhaps these innovations each evolved more than once, but only one example of each survived to the modern day. Maybe the extinct examples never became fossilized, or paleontologists haven’t recognized them in the fossil record.

    Or maybe these innovations did happen only once, but because they could have happened only once. For example, perhaps the first evolutionary lineage to achieve one of these innovations quickly outcompeted other similar organisms from other lineages for resources. Or maybe the first lineage changed the global environment so dramatically that other lineages lost the opportunity to evolve the same innovation. In other words, once the step occurred in one lineage, the chemical or ecological conditions were changed enough that other lineages could not develop in the same way.

    If these alternative mechanisms explain the uniqueness of these proposed hard steps, then none of them would actually qualify as hard steps.

    But if none of these steps were hard, then why didn’t humanlike intelligence evolve much sooner in the history of life?

    Environmental evolution

    Geobiologists reconstructing the conditions of the ancient Earth can easily come up with reasons why intelligent life did not evolve sooner in Earth history.

    For example, 90% of Earth’s history elapsed before the atmosphere had enough oxygen to support humans. Likewise, up to 50% of Earth’s history elapsed before the atmosphere had enough oxygen to support modern eukaryotic cells.

    All of the hard-step candidates have their own environmental requirements. When the Earth formed, these requirements weren’t in place. Instead, they appeared later on, as Earth’s surface environment changed.

    We suggest that as the Earth changed physically and chemically over time, its surface conditions allowed for a greater diversity of habitats for life. And these changes operate on geologic timescales – billions of years – explaining why the proposed hard steps evolved when they did, and not much earlier.

    In this view, humans originated when they did because the Earth became habitable to humans only relatively recently. Carter had not considered these points in 1983.

    Moving forward

    But hard steps could still exist. How can scientists test whether they do?

    Earth and life scientists could work together to determine when Earth’s surface environment first became supportive of each proposed hard step. Earth scientists could also forecast how much longer Earth will stay habitable for the different kinds of life associated with each proposed hard step – such as humans, animals and eukaryotic cells.

    Evolutionary biologists and paleontologists could better constrain how many times each hard-step candidate occurred. If they did occur only once each, they could see whether this came from their innate biological improbability or from environmental factors.

    Lastly, astronomers could use data from planets beyond the solar system to figure out how common life-hosting planets are, and how often these planets have hard-step candidates, such as oxygen-producing photosynthesis and intelligent life.

    If our view is correct, then the Earth and life have evolved together in a way that is more typical of life-supporting planets – not in the rare and improbable way that the hard-steps model predicts. Humanlike intelligence would then be a more expected outcome of Earth’s evolution, rather than a cosmic fluke.

    Researchers from a variety of disciplines, from paleontologists and biologists to astronomers, can work together to learn more about the probability of intelligent life evolving on Earth and elsewhere in the universe.

    If the evolution of humanlike life was more probable than the hard-steps model predicts, then researchers are more likely to find evidence for extraterrestrial intelligence in the future.

    Daniel Brady Mills receives funding from the German Research Foundation.

    Jason Wright works for Penn State University, where his research in the search for life in the universe is supported by internal funds, grants from NASA, and individual philanthropists.

    Jennifer L. Macalady works for Penn State University, where her research on how microorganisms, minerals and fluids interact through geologic time is supported by internal funds, grants from NASA and NSF, and grants from private foundations.

    – ref. Evolving intelligent life took billions of years − but it may not have been as unlikely as many scientists predicted – https://theconversation.com/evolving-intelligent-life-took-billions-of-years-but-it-may-not-have-been-as-unlikely-as-many-scientists-predicted-249114

    MIL OSI – Global Reports –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI USA: An Afternoon of Family Science and Rocket Exploration in Alaska

    Source: NASA

    On Tuesday, January 28th, Fairbanks BEST Homeschool joined the Geophysical Institute for an afternoon of rocket exploration, hands-on activities, and stargazing inside a planetarium. This event was free and open to the public. Despite their frigid winter weather, 200 attendees were curious about the scientific endeavors of Alaska-based researchers alongside cutting-edge investigations conducted by NASA rocket scientists.
    Families and friends in attendance learned about two NASA rocket missions that would study the flickering and vanishing auroras: Ground Imaging to Rocket investigation of Auroral Fast Features (GIRAFF) and Black and Diffuse Aurora Science Surveyor (BaDASS). Visitors had an opportunity to sign up for text notifications related to the launch window. The planetarium presentations touch on Heliophysics Big Ideas that align with the three questions that drive NASA’s heliophysics research:

    What are the impacts of the changing sun on humanity?
    How do Earth, the solar system, and the heliosphere respond to changes on the sun?
    What causes the sun to vary?

    The event also offered sun-related hands-on activities provided by the University of Alaska Museum of the North.
    This event was offered to the community in association with the Science For Alaska Lecture Series and the 2025 NASA Sounding Rocket campaign. Every attendee left with something inspiring to think about. Parents and educators interested in learning more about auroras and do participatory science may check out NASA’s Aurorasaurus citizen science project.
    The Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska Fairbanks is a Co-Investigating team for the NASA Heliophysics Education Activation Team (NASA HEAT), which is part of NASA’s Science Activation Portfolio. Learn more about how Science Activation connects NASA science experts, content, and experiences with community leaders to do science in ways that activate minds and promote deeper understanding of our world and beyond: https://science.nasa.gov/learn
    Aurora Educational Resource List by Aurorasaurus

    It was so much fun! We are receiving rave reviews from our families and the surrounding community. THANK YOU AGAIN FOR COLLABORATING WITH US!

    Fairbanks BEST Homeschool

    MIL OSI USA News –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Asia-Pac: Kashi Tamil Sangamam 3.0

    Source: Government of India (2)

    Kashi Tamil Sangamam 3.0

    Celebrating Unity in Diversity

    Posted On: 14 FEB 2025 6:16PM by PIB Delhi

    Introduction

     

    The Kashi Tamil Sangamam (KTS) 3.0 is scheduled to be held from February 15 to 24, 2025, in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. This prestigious cultural initiative, organized by the Ministry of Education in collaboration with various ministries and the Government of Uttar Pradesh, aims to celebrate and strengthen the ancient civilizational bond between Tamil Nadu and Kashi. The KTS seeks to provide an opportunity for scholars, students, philosophers, traders, artisans, artists and people from other walks of life from the two regions to come together, share their knowledge, culture and best practices and learn from each other’s experience. It also aims to make the youth aware and experience cultural oneness. The endeavor is in sync with NEP 2020’s emphasis on integrating the wealth of Indian Knowledge Systems with modern systems of knowledge.

    This year, the event is significant as for the first time, participants will get to witness the Mahakumbh in Prayagraj and visit the newly inaugurated Ram Mandir in Ayodhya. This 10-day-long event will conclude on 24th February 2025. Additionally, the National Education Policy 2020 underscores the importance of cultivating a modern generation aligned with the 21st-century mindset while remaining rooted in Indian culture.

     

    This year, the government has decided to bring around 1000 delegates from Tamil Nadu under five categories/groups:

     

    1

    Students, Teachers, and Writers

    2

    Farmers and Artisans (Vishwakarma Categories)

    3

    Professionals and Small Entrepreneurs

    4

    Women Self Help Groups (SHG), Mudra Loan beneficiaries, Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha (DBHPS) Pracharaks)

    5

    Start-up, Innovation, Edu-Tech, Research

     

    This year, an additional group of around 200 students of Tamil origin studying in various Central Universities will be a part of this event to enliven the bond between Kashi and Tamil Nadu. Participation of youth in all categories will be encouraged this year.

     

    Honoring Sage Agasthyar’s Legacy

     

    The main theme in this year’s event is highlighting the significant contributions of Sage Agasthyar to the Siddha System of Medicine (Bharatiya Chikitsa), Classical Tamil Literature, and also his contributions in the cultural unity of the Nation. Additionally, he is known for his unparalleled contributions to various fields, including Health, Philosophy, Science, Linguistics, Polity and Art, is revered as the first grammarian of the Tamil language in South India. His influence extends beyond India, as he is also worshipped in Java and Sumatra  for his role in propagating Indian culture.

     

    An exhibition dedicated to Sage Agasthyar will be organized in Kashi during KTS 3.0. This exhibition will highlight various aspects of his life and work, showcasing his significant contributions to the Tamil and Indian knowledge traditions. Additionally, the event will feature seminars, workshops, and book releases focused on his scholarly achievements.

     

    Bridging Tradition and Contemporary Discourse

    Kashi Tamil Sangamam, a brainchild of Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, is an inspirational initiative to celebrate the timeless bonds between Tamil Nadu and Kashi, strengthen the civilisational links and further the spirit of Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat.

     

    Key objectives include:

    • Highlighting the literary, spiritual, and artistic connections between Tamil Nadu and Kashi.
    • Encouraging academic and research-based interactions between scholars from both regions.
    • Showcasing traditional art forms, crafts, and cuisine to enhance cultural appreciation.
    • Providing a platform for Tamil students to explore the historical significance of Kashi and its ancient educational institutions.

     

    Kashi Tamil Sangamam: A Journey Through the Years

     

    The Inaugural Edition: KTS 1.0 (2022)

    The first edition of Kashi Tamil Sangamam was held from November 16th to December 16th 2022, with a whole of government approach. Over 2500 people from Tamil Nadu, representing 12 different walks of life, had travelled to Varanasi, Prayagraj and Ayodhya on 8 day-tours, during which they had an immersive experience of different aspects of life in and around Varanasi.

    KTS 2.0 (2023): Strengthening Intellectual and Cultural Ties

    Following its success, second edition of Kashi Tamil Sangamam (KTS 2.0) was organized by the Ministry of Education from 17.12.2023 to 30.12.2023 at Namo Ghat in Varanasi. It was inaugurated by Hon’ble PM Shri Narendra Modi at Varanasi on the 17th December, 2023, with the first time ever real time, app-based translation of a part of Hon’ble PM’s speech in Tamil for the benefit of visiting Tamil delegates.

     

    Conclusion

     

    The Kashi Tamil Sangamam 3.0, set to take place in February 2025 continues the mission of fostering deeper cultural and intellectual ties between Tamil Nadu and Kashi. By highlighting the legacy of Sage Agasthyar and bringing together diverse delegates, this initiative strengthens the bonds of India’s rich heritage and contributes to the spirit of Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat.

    References

     

    1. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2093086
    2. https://ignca.gov.in/coilnet/kbhu_v01.htm
    3. https://kashitamil.iitm.ac.in/
    4. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1980396&reg=3&lang=1
    5. https://ekbharat.gov.in/KashiTamilSangamam/Programme_Brief

    Click here to download PDF

    *****

    Santosh Kumar/Sarla Meena/ Anchal Patiyal

    (Release ID: 2103308) Visitor Counter : 43

    MIL OSI Asia Pacific News –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI USA: Padilla, Moran, Hirono, Lankford Introduce Bipartisan Bill to Promote Wildfire Mitigation Through Wildlife Grazing

    US Senate News:

    Source: United States Senator Alex Padilla (D-Calif.)

    Padilla, Moran, Hirono, Lankford Introduce Bipartisan Bill to Promote Wildfire Mitigation Through Wildlife Grazing

    WASHINGTON, D.C. — U.S. Senators Alex Padilla (D-Calif.), Jerry Moran (R-Kan.), Mazie Hirono (D-Hawaii), and James Lankford (R-Okla.) introduced bipartisan legislation to promote research on how grazing can support wildfire mitigation, fuels reduction, and post-fire recovery.
    Several states have implemented pilot programs in which animals like goats and cattle, called “ungulates,” have grazed on prescribed areas of land containing highly flammable grasses and shrubs to mitigate fire risk. These pilot efforts have successfully reduced vegetation that can fuel rapid fire growth. However, limited scientific research has been conducted on optimal grazing land management techniques that also protect against other environmental harms.
    To address this critical research gap, the Wildfire Resilience Through Grazing Research Act would add the “Grazing for Wildfire Mitigation Initiative” to the National Institute of Food and Agriculture’s High-Priority Research List.
    “As devastating wildfires pose increasingly severe threats to our communities, we need to explore out-of-the-box approaches to blunt these disasters,” said Senator Padilla. “Grazing animals like goats and cattle have been successfully used to reduce the hazardous brush that fuels wildfires. Expanding our understanding of novel grazing strategies can make it a cost-effective tool to save lives and protect homes.”
    “Using grazing as a way to reduce wildfires is both beneficial to our ranchers and important to eliminating the grasses that accelerate fires on the prairie,” said Senator Moran. “Kansans have faced devastating wildfires in recent years and understand the importance of proactively working to keep our land healthy and free of undergrowth that can make these fires worse.”
    “As the people of Lahaina continue to recover from the devastating wildfires in 2023, we recognize just how necessary it is to pre-emptively reduce wildfire risk,” said Senator Hirono. “As wildfires occur with increasing frequency across the country, this legislation is a crucial step to help strengthen community resilience by studying the implementation of grazing as a strategy for reducing vegetation that can fuel wildfires. I’m glad to join my colleagues in introducing this important bill to help prevent wildfires and protect our communities.”
    “The Nature Conservancy welcomes this bill as a jump start for the utilization of grazing as a tool for wildfire risk reduction,” said Whitney Forman-Cook, Senior Policy Advisor for Forests and Fire at The Nature Conservancy. “In our Roadmap for Wildfire Resilience, we recommend federal land management agencies research and implement new strategies for forest and rangeland fuels reduction treatments at landscape scales. Targeted grazing satisfies that call for a new, cost-effective approach to promoting both drought and wildfire resilience while maintaining rangeland health.”
    “Wildfires are growing more intense, destructive and frequent—demanding bold, science-driven solutions. The Wildfire Resilience Through Grazing Research Act invests in the critical research needed to unlock the full potential of sustainable grazing as a wildfire mitigation tool. By equipping land managers, farmers and foresters with data-backed strategies, Congress can ensure grazing reduces fire risk while enhancing soil health, biodiversity and long-term ecosystem resilience,” said Eric Holst, AVP, Wildfire Resilience at Environmental Defense Fund.
    Specifically, the Wildfire Resilience Through Grazing Research Act would:
    Support research and development of grazing land management techniques for wildfire mitigation and recovery by driving research at land-grant colleges and universities like the University of California system, Kansas State University, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, and Oklahoma State University.
    Promote the dissemination of information on these wildlife grazing land management techniques to public and private landowners, land managers, and livestock owners, including land management activities that protect against negative environmental impacts and improve soil health.
    The bill is endorsed by the Environmental Defense Fund and The Nature Conservancy.
    Senator Padilla has long been a leader in strengthening the federal and state response to wildfires. Last week, Padilla introduced bipartisan legislation to create a national Wildfire Intelligence Center to streamline federal response and create a whole-of-government approach to combat wildfires. He also announced a package of three bipartisan bills to bolster fire resilience and proactive mitigation efforts, including the Wildfire Emergency Act, the Fire-Safe Electrical Corridors Act, and the Disaster Mitigation and Tax Parity Act. Additionally, Padilla’s legislation to strengthen FEMA’s wildfire preparedness and response efforts, the FIRE Act, became law in 2022.
    A one-pager on the bill is available here.
    Full text of the bill is available here.

    MIL OSI USA News –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI USA: Hickenlooper, Bennet, DeGette, Neguse, Crow, Pettersen, Sound Alarm About Trump Admin’s Cuts to Critical Colorado Medical Research 

    US Senate News:

    Source: United States Senator John Hickenlooper – Colorado
    Proposed cuts will weaken our public health, limit access to life-saving treatments while stifling medical research to cure cancer, fight infectious diseases, better support our veterans suffering from PTSD
    In 2023, Colorado researchers received $575 million in NIH funding for medical research, supporting 7,000+ jobs in the state 
    WASHINGTON – Today, U.S. Senators John Hickenlooper and Michael Bennet along with Representatives Diana DeGette, Jason Crow, Joe Neguse, Brittany Pettersen wrote to the Senate and House Appropriations Committee to raise alarm about the Trump administration’s efforts to cut billions in federal funding for medical research and urged them to protect bipartisan research funding.
    “Federal commitment to cutting edge research in health care results in real medical and scientific advancements which benefits us all… These proposed cuts result in less funding research in Colorado,” wrote the Colorado lawmakers. “Patients and researchers will experience the most negative consequences.”
    In 2023, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) awarded over $575 million to Colorado researchers to solve cancer, study infectious diseases, and much more. Colorado’s medical research supports over 7,000 Colorado workers and generates more than $1.56 billion for our state’s economy. Over the weekend, the Trump administration announced plans to slash more than $4 billion in federal funding for critical biomedical research nationwide. A federal judge issued a temporary restraining order against the Trump administration, pausing their funding cuts.
    These cuts would halt cutting-edge research across Colorado, including:
    Efforts at Fort Lewis College to identify new colon and pancreatic cancer treatments
    National Jewish Health’s leading research into asthma treatment and pulmonary function
    Research for children with Down Syndrome at Colorado State University
    Next-generation research at the University of Colorado Colorado Springs into the sequencing of chromosomal interactions
    University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center’s work on type 1 diabetes, breast cancer, and heart disease
    Yesterday, Hickenlooper spoke on the Senate floor to raise alarm about the administration’s attempts to spread disinformation and anti-science views as well as the devastating impacts the proposed NIH cuts would have on Colorado.
    “Biomedical research is the bedrock of how we bring forward and test new scientific discoveries and advance new treatments to dramatically improve care for children and adults. Restricting critical funding would have an immediate and devastating impact, shutting down programs, and potentially jeopardizing lives – setting our country back decades,” said Michael Salem, M.D., President and CEO of National Jewish Health, the leading respiratory hospital in the nation, based in Colorado.  
    Full text of the letter is available HERE.

    MIL OSI USA News –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Russia: An expert from the Rosmolodezh. Grants system told students how to get up to a million rubles to implement their project

    Translartion. Region: Russians Fedetion –

    Source: Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering – Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering – Olga Chesnova

    “Rosmolodezh. Grants” is a unique federal service for young people that helps support social initiatives and implement them. Olga Chesnova, an expert of “Rosmolodezh. Grants”, head of the Center for Project and Festival Activities of the St. Petersburg State Institute of Cinema and Television, told students how to become grant recipients.

    “The Federal Agency for Youth Affairs implements “Rosmolodezh. Grants” – a system of state support for youth project activities with a grant fund of 2.5 billion rubles, with 50 grant sites and 18 nominations. Citizens aged 14 to 35 who have presented their social projects can take part in the implementation of grants. Social projects provide for a fairly wide range of topics. One of the most popular nominations is

    She explained the participation algorithms: young people develop projects, create teams and send applications, which are assessed by the expert community using a point system. Participants who score the highest number of points become grant recipients.

    “In addition to the financial opportunity to implement the project, grant recipients gain valuable experience in promoting their ideas and finding like-minded people, which, in turn, increases their chances of receiving new grants, including for larger amounts. By the end of February, we plan to announce another competition. In March, we expect to announce a competition for universities, where applications will be accepted from universities as legal entities, and there will be more serious amounts. Each year, another nomination is added to the nominations related to the theme of the year. So, in the Year of the Family there was a nomination “Relatives and Beloved”, this year it should be patriotic. I advise participants who are applying for the first time to choose a topic that is most familiar and close to them, and it is better to focus on a project where there is already a reserve. For example, if you are a master of sports, have experience in this area, are passionate about this topic, choose it. This is important for success,” advised Olga Chesnova.

    Vice-Rector for Youth Policy at SPbGASU Marina Malyutina emphasized that our university has many talented students who have cool ideas and projects, but for some reason they have not yet applied for a grant. “Grants are a good way to self-realization and a way to receive funding for the implementation of a project, an opportunity to attract partners. I have studied the projects of grant recipients of previous years and I want to wish you to be bolder, because your projects and ideas are not only no less, but perhaps even more interesting. Therefore, the chances of winning are high,” she noted.

    First-year student of the Automobile and Road Engineering Faculty Sofya Parfyonova said that she and her associates intend to apply for a grant for the project “Fidget Football”. According to her, this team sport, which harmoniously combines eSports and traditional sports, is gaining popularity today.

    “Fidget football will allow our university to diversify student sports life and attract even more students to physical activity. We plan to use the grant funds to purchase special equipment and computers. I believe that Rosmolodezh. Grants is a great opportunity to implement a lot of initiatives, so we are already working on other ideas for participation in the next competition. And they are also aimed at promoting new sports among students,” said Sofya.

    First-year student of the construction faculty Arseniy Kukhi, having studied the conditions for receiving a grant and the application procedure, confidently says that it is much easier than in the case of other grants.

    “But what you need to think about is the idea of the project, and this is much more difficult. I looked at numerous projects of grant recipients and saw that almost all the problematic topics that lie on the surface have already been declared. Therefore, you need to look for more in-depth topics. I am a member of the student media center, perhaps I will focus on this direction, but I do not rule out that I will also work on my new project,” said Arseniy.

    Anna Kozhemyak, a second-year student at the construction faculty, admits that she has been a member of Rosmolodezh associations for quite a long time; she is interested in this movement. Last March, she attended the World Youth Festival in Sochi.

    “I have been thinking about the idea of getting and implementing a grant for a long time, but I am currently looking for a specific topic that would be significant not only for the university, but also useful for the city’s youth. Now I am interested in traveling, because I love it myself and would like to involve my friends in it. My project should include excursions, exchange of cultural or professional experience among young people,” Anna shared.

    Deputy Head of the Youth Policy Department of SPbGASU Ekaterina Kovalenko noted that the university has created all the conditions to help students both in developing projects and in submitting applications. A Telegram channel has been created to inform students about these opportunities #Netolokopars. For consultation and support, please contact office No. 135. We would like to add that Ekaterina Kovalenko is herself a recipient of such grants and can share her personal knowledge and experience.

    Please note: This information is raw content directly from the source of the information. It is exactly what the source states and does not reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    MIL OSI Russia News –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Global: Congress, not the president, decides on government spending − a constitutional law professor explains how the ‘power of the purse’ works

    Source: The Conversation – USA – By Zachary Price, Associate Professor of Law, University of California College of the Law, San Francisco

    Congress has the authority to spend the nation’s money. Presidents try to get around that limitation. ATU Images-The Image Bank/Getty Images

    Because of the Trump administration’s efforts to cut staff and spending, Congress’ “power of the purse” has been in the news lately. Many of these actions have been challenged in court.

    I’m a law professor who has written about Congress’ power of the purse and some of the legal and constitutional issues that surround it. Here’s a brief explanation of the concept – and of why you should care about it.

    How it works

    Under the U.S. Constitution, Congress holds what’s commonly called the “power of the purse.” Congress, in other words, holds the authority to control government expenditures.

    Concretely, Congress may enact laws that raise revenue through taxes and import duties, and it may also spend money for “the common Defence and general Welfare,” terms in the Constitution that are understood to cover almost any spending that Congress thinks is a good idea.

    The Constitution, however, provides that “[n]o Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law.” Because of this clause, officials may not spend any government money unless a statute “appropriates,” or makes available, specific funds for the relevant purpose.

    Although the Constitution forbids any appropriation for the Army that lasts longer than two years, Congress can choose in other contexts whether to provide an appropriation permanently or only for a prescribed length of time. Some benefits programs such as Social Security today have permanent appropriations, but most government agencies receive funds for their operations for just a year at a time.

    James Madison, who wrote much of the U.S. Constitution, said Congress’ power of the purse was ‘the most complete and effectual weapon with which any constitution can arm the immediate representatives of the people.’
    wynnter-iStock/Getty Images Plus

    Leverage over policy and presidents

    Why does all of this matter?

    Historically, the British Parliament’s control over government funds created a powerful check on the crown, and Parliament developed the practice of annual appropriations to ensure that it would always have leverage over royal policy.

    Reflecting this history, James Madison, the fourth president and a leading figure in the Constitutional Convention, wrote in the Federalist Papers that the power of the purse was “the most complete and effectual weapon with which any constitution can arm the immediate representatives of the people, for obtaining a redress of every grievance, and for carrying into effect every just and salutary measure.”

    This sort of leverage over policy still matters. American presidents today exercise vast powers. Over time, Congress has conferred extensive regulatory authorities on administrative agencies that operate under the president’s supervision.

    Congress has also established a large Army, Navy, and Air Force over which the president is commander in chief. Presidents, moreover, have claimed the power to employ these armed forces in significant ways even without a declaration of war or other specific authorization from Congress.

    Congress’ power of the purse gives it a say in how these powers are exercised. If Congress doesn’t like what an administrative agency is doing, it can cut its budget or deny funds for enforcing certain regulations – something it does regularly.

    Likewise, Congress can deny funds for certain military operations or impose constraints on military activities – something it also does with some regularity. In the 1970s, Congress helped end the Vietnam War in part by withholding appropriations for military activities in Indochina.

    Who’s in charge here?

    Annual appropriations also give rise to the frustrating phenomenon of government “shutdowns”: If annual funding runs out before Congress enacts new appropriations, government agencies generally must halt operations.

    On the whole, however, annual appropriations continue to serve much the same purpose in the United States that they did in Britain: They provide a potent check on the executive branch.

    Given how strong this check is, it may not be surprising that presidents have sought ways to get around it.

    President Donald Trump, right, and Elon Musk, left, are cutting congressionally approved government programs and staff – an effort that may be unconstitutional.
    Andrew Harnik/Getty Images

    Based on debatable legal claims, President Barack Obama continued certain health insurance subsidies under the Affordable Care Act even after Congress denied appropriations for them. President Joe Biden attempted massive student debt relief without clear authority from Congress. Courts blocked both those actions, but now the new Trump administration has adopted several controversial policies that implicate Congress’ power of the purse.

    On the one hand, the administration has apparently offered many federal employees nine months of paid leave if they agree to resign from federal service. But the legal basis for these offers is unclear, and it may be that no current appropriation by Congress provides funds for them.

    On the other hand, the administration has attempted to “pause” certain government spending, even though existing appropriations made by Congress may require at least some of this spending.

    These actions could violate not only Congress’ constitutional power of the purse but also specific statutes that Congress has enacted to reinforce its constitutional power.

    The buyout offers could violate a law called the Anti-Deficiency Act that makes it unlawful, and sometimes criminal, for government officials to commit to spending money without an appropriation providing the necessary funds.

    For their part, the pauses could violate a 1974 law called the Impoundment Control Act that generally forbids the government from delaying or withholding spending that Congress has mandated. Courts are now considering challenges to these actions based on these laws and other issues.

    Trump may be hoping that Congress will cure any legal problems by ratifying these actions after the fact in its next round of appropriations legislation. But if Trump is indeed defying Congress’ spending laws and yet faces no consequences, his actions could chip away at Congress’ authority to check presidential policies in the future through its spending choices.

    James Madison would not have been pleased.

    Zachary Price does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. Congress, not the president, decides on government spending − a constitutional law professor explains how the ‘power of the purse’ works – https://theconversation.com/congress-not-the-president-decides-on-government-spending-a-constitutional-law-professor-explains-how-the-power-of-the-purse-works-248644

    MIL OSI – Global Reports –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI United Kingdom: expert reaction to asteroid 2024 YR4 currently predicted to have a small chance of hitting the Earth in 2032

    Source: United Kingdom – Executive Government & Departments

    February 14, 2025

    Scientists comment on asteroid 2024 YR4 which may hit Earth in 2032. 

    Prof Martin Ward, Emeritus Temple Chevallier Professor of Astronomy, Durham University, said:

    “The way these percentages for the chance of impact are calculated are based on extrapolations of the asteroid trajectory and the position of the Earth when the asteroid arrives. They get more accurate with time as we get more data. Think of it as a circle in the sky (much bigger than the asteroid itself). The direction of future travel plus the position of the Earth could take any line out of the circle towards the Earth. Most lines are projected to miss, but a few would hit.  As our data on the asteroid trajectory and Earth’s position when it arrives get better by tracking it with time the circle becomes smaller, and the number of possible future lines decreases. If the lines that previously hit the Earth are now outside the improved circle, then the chances go down (and maybe vanish). But if the smaller circle still includes the lines that hit the Earth, then the chances of hitting us go up correspondingly. So, as time goes on we will get either good news, that eventually the future direction of travel misses us, or bad news, that the ratio of lines that hit us to those that miss us, goes up. If that trend continues, then duck…   Before that happens, it will be possible to predict the path it would take through the atmosphere, and hope for the best. The Earth is 70% covered by water, and of the remaining land mass, 33% is desert. So the question will be…  “do you feel lucky?”

     

    Prof Danny Steeghs, Professor and Head if Astronomy & Astrophysics Group, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, said:

    What is the situation?

    “We monitor many asteroid orbits, but this object was not previously known. It was identified in December 2024, near its closest approach, when it was bright and moving through the sky fast. Routine is to model the orbit of newly discovered asteroids including projecting forwards in time to see if there are any concerns around close approaches with the Earth. Almost always the answer is no. In this case we could not, and still cannot, fully rule that out. This is rare, it has been many years since we have had an asteroid with this level of impact probability.”

     

    How strong is the science behind a potential earth impact?

    “We understand the dynamics of solar system orbits well. It’s about measuring the orbit with better precision and characterising the nature/size of the object. The Earth is a small target on the scale of the solar system, but orbit calculations have a finite precision since they are based on measurements of the position of the asteroid at different times since its discovery. These measurements have a finite precision, and we do not have many yet, and we can accurately translate this into a probability of impact during future passes. At the moment this is a few 2%, which is considered high enough to warrant further and urgent observations.”

     

    How worrying/expected is this?

    “It is not really worrying, expectations are that as we refine the orbit of the asteroid, the probability of impact will reduce. Its better maybe to think of it as, we cannot fully rule out that it may impact, rather than expecting it to impact. The next steps are clear – securing more data and improving our precision/confidence.”

     

    How is the risk of collision calculated, and could it change?

    “The measurements that feed into these calculations are collected by a number of telescopes and observatories. These are globally shared so that a number of teams can calculate orbit projections. Each time new data is added, the calculations can be refined. This is why the number is changing and in the early stages it can change more erratically. As precision improves, it will tend to settle down to the point where we can be very confident. This could take some time, as the asteroid is getting faint quickly, and it may not be fully settled until it passes again in 2028.”

     

    What could we do to stop it / prepare?

    “We do not yet accurately know the size of the object, and what any impact might do and how we could mitigate it depends on that. We have tested deflecting an asteroid by sending a probe to hit it from the right angle, just to change its orbit a little. That is the preferred intervention route, but what is involved depends on the mass, size and orbit.”

     

    Dr Darren Baskill, Physics & Astronomy Lecturer, University of Sussex, said:

    “An asteroid passes by the Earth, within the orbit of the Moon, typically every month – which is very close in cosmic terms.  The last time this happened was when a 26m asteroid passed us by on the 4th of February 2025.

    “Watching an asteroid approach is a bit like watching a long pot in snooker – you don’t know if the ball will go in a pocket until the very last moment, and there is always a good chance of the ball rattling in the jaws of the pocket and missing.  This is why there is so much uncertainty surrounding this asteroid.  Of course, the distances involved in astronomy are much, much larger, making accurate long-term predictions difficult. 

    “It is worth noting that the predicted size of asteroid 2024 YR4 is 40-70m, which is only around 3 times larger than the asteroid that famously struck Russia in 2013.  While there were large amounts of minor damage in that event, including large numbers of windows being blown out in the area due to the resulting shockwave, there were no fatalities, nor any major damage recorded.

    “At the moment, while there are teams around the world who are able to detect asteroid threats better than ever before, there are no systems in place that could prevent an asteroid strike should one be found to be on a collision course.  Hopefully, that will change over the next 7-and-a-half years, just in case!”

    Dr James O’Donoghue, planetary scientist at the University of Reading, said:

    “Scientists are getting better at tracking the asteroids that could hit Earth, with the result that we have become accustomed to asteroids having incredibly low impact probabilities, typically in the order of one in tens of thousands. That’s why a 1-in-49 chance is making us sit up and notice.

    “This level of risk demands serious attention, and it’s clear that it is being taken seriously, as seen by NASA’s response and the high-level notifications that have been triggered. The recent diversion of the James Webb Space Telescope to observe this object is particularly noteworthy. Understanding its precise size is crucial – an 80-meter asteroid would impact with eight times more energy than a 40-meter one, as doubling the diameter increases the volume and mass by a factor of eight. To put this in perspective, a 40-meter asteroid carries the energy of a few megatons of TNT, comparable to a nuclear warhead, while a 90-meter asteroid exceeds 50 megatons – roughly equivalent to the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated.

    “The fact that we can predict this potential impact many years in advance is a testament to how well humanity is advancing in planetary defence through astronomy. It’s also a reminder than we have discovered less than half the total number of similarly sized asteroids so far, so there is much more work to be done.”

    Dr Olivier R. Hainaut, Astronomer, European Southern Observatory, said:

    What is the situation?

    “Observatories around the world (including ESO) are working to refine the orbit. This takes time, as one has to wait for the asteroid to move to perform more measurements. We can fairly easily observe YR4 for another month with large telescopes, then it will become harder and harder. By early April it will be out of reach of most telescopes. Hopefully the orbit will be refined enough to completely rule out an impact.

    How is the risk of collision calculated and could it change?

    “Orbital calculation and celestial mechanics… You measure the position of the asteroid in front of the background stars over as many nights as possible, then solve for the orbit, which is the 3D trajectory of the asteroid in space. The longer you can measure, the better you know the orbit. Currently, we could observe YR4 for a little less than 2 months over its 4y orbit, so we need to extrapolate a lot, hence the large uncertainty. As we will observe more, the orbit will be refined, and we will know better where the asteroid will be in 2032. Eventually, the probability of impact will converge towards one of two possible values: 0% or 100%… Hopefully 0%, and hopefully by the end of this visibility period. Note that the probability is likely to go up even if it ends up going down to 0% -that’s normal.”

    “Measuring and computing the orbit is very robust- celestial mechanics is very well known, and demonstrated by the navigation of spacecrafts all around the solar system.

    “Measuring the size and composition of the asteroid is not scientifically complicated, but is tricky in this case because the object is very faint.”

    How worrying/expected is this?

    “How worrying: currently, the probability of impact is ~2%. It is typical to start preparing for disaster relief when the probability goes above 1% (astronomers did not make that number up – it is what is customarily used for all kind of disasters). IF the probability stays above 1% at the end of the visibility period (~April), it will be time to start possible mitigation space mission. Keep in mind that IF these mission would fail and IF the asteroid does impact, it is not a large one. Possibly a few times larger than the one that blasted above Chelyabinsk in 2013, but ~150x SMALLER than the Chicxulub dinosaur killer.

    “How expected: look at the Moon. It is covered with craters, and the Earth is just next to it. Collisions with asteroids are expected, which is why we try to discover as many as possible (and all the “large” ones). The question is not “if”, but “when” and “how big”.”

    What could we do to stop it / prepare?

    “Short answer: first, refine the orbit to determine whether it will hit or not. If it will, then nudge it to slightly change its orbit so that it misses the Earth. The sooner the better, as a later nudge will need to be larger. To nudge it, refer eg to the DART mission, which did it as a test on an asteroid about 2x the size of YR4.

    “DON’T break the asteroid (refer to a series of bad SciFi movies): you would end up with many fragments to deal with.”

    Declared interests

    For all experts, no reply to our request for DOIs was received.

    MIL OSI United Kingdom –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Global: Most of the world has long feared US power. Now its allies do too.

    Source: The Conversation – UK – By Andrew Gawthorpe, Lecturer in History and International Studies, Leiden University

    When a new US president takes office, his first order of business is usually to reassure America’s allies and warn its enemies. However, Donald Trump is doing things differently. It seems his goal is to strike fear into the heart not of America’s foes, but rather its friends.

    American presidents have traditionally seen the country’s network of allies as a “force multiplier” – something that magnifies American power and applies it more effectively. A broad range of allies means trading partners, military bases and diplomatic support in international institutions. According to this line of reasoning, it is in America’s own interests to defend and support its allies – the benefits outweigh the cost.

    Trump, by contrast, views allies both as competitors and burdens. He thinks they are too reliant on American military power to defend themselves, and that their economic relationship with the US makes them rich at the expense of American workers. He wants US allies, particularly in Europe, to spend more of their own money on defence and to buy more goods from the US.

    He also seems even more willing than in his first term to deploy America’s formidable tools of coercion to make this happen. His widespread threats of tariffs, for instance, are designed to force countries to go along with his wishes, including in non-economic aspects of the relationship. He is also threatening to use economic and military force in alarming ways, such as to seize control of Canada, Greenland and the Panama Canal.

    The result is a world in which American allies can no longer rely on the US to be a reliable partner. They may increasingly have to fend for themselves against not just their traditional foes, but also a predatory Washington.

    Although all US allies are concerned about this turn of events, some are more surprised than others. The biggest shock has come in Europe, which has long occupied a privileged place in America’s strategic thinking.

    Europeans knew that a second Trump term was going to be rough. On the campaign trail, for example, he vowed across-the-board tariffs of up to 20%. But they didn’t expect Trump to threaten the territory of Nato members Canada and Denmark, which owns Greenland.

    As a result, Europeans’ view of the US has shifted since Trump returned to the White House. According to the results of a recent survey by the European Council on Foreign Relations, the majority of people in Europe no longer see the US as an ally that shares the same interests and values, instead agreeing that it is only a “necessary partner”.

    For other US allies and partners, particularly in the global south, this shift is less surprising. Panama owes its existence to an act of US imperialism. The US sent military forces to assist the country in seceding from Colombia in 1903, with the ultimate goal of working with the country’s new government to build the canal.

    But Panama has since witnessed numerous American military interventions. Most recently, in December 1989, the then US president, George H.W. Bush, ordered 20,000 US troops to Panama where they toppled the government and arrested the country’s president, Manuel Noriega, on charges of drug trafficking, racketeering and money laundering.

    Non-western countries have long been used to the idea that the US will disregard their interests and take advantage of their weakness if policymakers in Washington deem it necessary. What we are witnessing now is the extension of this precariousness to all.

    Weakness for flattery

    For world leaders looking to navigate this turbulent time, there is an additional problem. Trump has a habit of personalising diplomacy, deciding whom he likes and whom he doesn’t like based on their perceived friendliness to him rather than a more detached calculation of their interests.

    He is also a sucker for big, splashy acts of diplomacy. He often gives the impression that his main goal is to be able to sign a deal – any deal – which he can declare to be a victory, rather than giving too much thought to the underlying interests at stake.

    This means that smart leaders can flatter and deceive him. In early February, Trump postponed tariffs on Mexico after the country’s president, Claudia Sheinbaum, promised to send troops to the US-Mexico border to tackle the cartels trafficking the drug fentanyl in the US.

    The only problem is that almost all fentanyl is trafficked by US citizens at legal border crossings, who bring in very small quantities of the drug in their vehicles. According to Raúl Benítez, a military expert at Mexico’s National Autonomous University, the “ant-like traffic of fentanyl” makes control of the trade “almost impossible”.

    So, sending additional troops to the border will probably do very little to stem the flow of fentanyl. Trump declared victory anyway – and now other world leaders are studying Sheinbaum’s approach.

    But the occasional weakness for flattery hardly makes Trump reliable.
    Instead, Trump presents US allies with a dangerous and unpredictable force. Like the leaders of Russia and China, Trump seems to view the world as split into spheres of influence in which powerful countries are free to bully their neighbours.

    Many countries will conclude that America is just another aggressive great power to be managed, rather than a country that at least pays lip service to international law. Some might even decide they have no choice other than to develop closer relations with Russia and China, and drift out of the US orbit.

    One thing is clear: US allies must do more to ensure they can defend their interests independently. Unlike a country such as Panama, European countries have the resources to do this, if only they can summon the will. They should count themselves lucky – and get to work.

    Andrew Gawthorpe does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. Most of the world has long feared US power. Now its allies do too. – https://theconversation.com/most-of-the-world-has-long-feared-us-power-now-its-allies-do-too-249826

    MIL OSI – Global Reports –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Global: Bridget Jones: Mad About the Boy – our favourite frazzled English woman is back but life’s more complicated

    Source: The Conversation – UK – By Mary Harrod, Professor of French and Screen Studies, University of Warwick

    Bridget Jones, the endearingly chaotic heroine who is unlucky in love, is back – but not as many might expect. This is the fourth Bridget Jones film, which adapts the story of the third book in Helen Fielding’s much-loved series (the third film, Bridget Jones’s Baby, was based on the fourth book).

    When Bridget Jones’s Diary came out in 2001, our heroine’s low-level eating disorder, neediness and alcohol abuse associated female singlehood with mental instability. In this new instalment, we see an older Bridget with more mature concerns.

    The woman we meet in the long opening pre-credit sequence of Mad About The Boy is frazzled, manic and, as we’ve seen Bridget before, given to long bouts on the sofa communing with a bottle of white wine. However, this time she’s not down because love eludes her but because she had a wonderful love and lost it. Our once bubbly singleton has been reconfigured as a subdued widow with two young kids.

    Mad About the Boy starts several years after the death of Bridget’s husband Mark Darcy (Colin Firth). While echoes of melancholy endure throughout, once in its stride the film does reestablish the reassuringly comical coordinates of the Jones-verse. At its best, it offers the brilliant one-liners and set pieces to be expected from its star writing team – including Dan Mazer (Ali G, Borat) and Abi Morgan (Shame, The Iron Lady) as well as Fielding herself – served up with a good dose of Bridget Jones’s signature slapstick.


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    Embracing the usual trappings of popular feminism, Mad About the Boy champions body positivity and romantic optimism for middle-aged women. It is the latest in a growing genre of story that affords older female characters active sexual identities, including by pairing them up with younger partners. Think of the Sex and the City reboot And Just Like That, the Nicole Kidman corporate kink romance Babygirl or the romcom Good Luck Leo Grande (starring Emma Thompson, who plays a wry gynaecologist in Mad About the Boy).

    The most interesting consideration in updating the Jones franchise for the 21st century comes from its interrogation of internet dating practices: a classic source of humour in stories about Generation X rejoining the dating game. This is most memorably mined in the novel and series Fleishman is in Trouble. Watching the trailer you might expect Mad about the Boy to centralise Tinder. But this proves a bluff.

    Bridget Jones: Mad About The Boy trailer.

    The app leads to the relationship between Bridget and the film’s eponymous “boy”, Roxster, which is initiated in emphatically physical terms when he rescues her from a tree. This scene was full of nods to the famous shot of her backside sliding down a fireman’s pole in the original film. While the connection is consolidated over a dating app, this relationship quickly regains IRL contours as they engage in passionate sex.

    In a self-aware gesture towards the franchise’s debt to Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, Bridget brings up the findings of sociological research on dating apps while talking to her friends about why she’s not met anyone IRL yet. Apps, such as Tinder, provide the illusion of a dating life without ever having to engage in the messy business of actually meeting someone, let alone having sex Bridget argues. She backs this up with the research that suggest this removal of intimacy during the courting stage is not dissimilar to the marriage mart in Austen’s Regency England where young, eligible women were essentially “on display” for men.

    At the end of the day, Roxster ghosts Bridget and she is left anxiously checking her phone, drinking alone again and obsessing. This, however, is the old Bridget Jones. Even though the boy does eventually come back, Bridget ends up taking the advice from one of her perennially supportive friends to “let him disintegrate into nothingness”. Symbolically rejecting the flakiness that comes with digitising human relationships, Bridget mirrors society’s increasing disenchantment with dating apps.

    The idea of spending time on concrete and lasting relationships underpins Daniel Cleaver’s (Hugh Grant) narrative arc too. With no “kin” he can draw on to put down as an emergency contact, his close friendship with Bridget ends up counting all the more.

    At the heart of this film is a strong validation of real connection, understood in terms of corporeality, dependability and also emotional intelligence that cannot be reproduced by dating apps and their algorithms. Likewise, it considers the broader climate of romantic and social crisis in today’s culture, as birth rates plummet and more people live alone and suffer from loneliness. Friendship and family, whether blood or chosen, are just as important here as romance.

    Zellweger is effervescent and Hugh Grant gives a show-stealing performance as devilish Lothario-with-a-heart Cleaver. It’s great to see old Bridge back and not so mad after all.

    Mary Harrod does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. Bridget Jones: Mad About the Boy – our favourite frazzled English woman is back but life’s more complicated – https://theconversation.com/bridget-jones-mad-about-the-boy-our-favourite-frazzled-english-woman-is-back-but-lifes-more-complicated-249807

    MIL OSI – Global Reports –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Global: Robert F. Kennedy Jr. says antidepressants are harder to quit than heroin – is he right?

    Source: The Conversation – UK – By Colin Davidson, Professor of Neuropharmacology, University of Central Lancashire

    Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has been sworn in as the US health and human services secretary, despite saying a few things that raised eyebrows during his confirmation hearing. One of those things was the claim that some people have a harder time coming off antidepressants than they do coming off heroin. He was referring specifically to the current generation of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs.

    RFK Jr. is known for saying controversial things about medicine, but is he right on this count?

    Coming off SSRIs can indeed be difficult, causing “SSRI discontinuation syndrome” in some people. The syndrome is characterised by flu-like symptoms, including dizziness, nausea, headaches and tiredness. In most cases, the symptoms are mild and short-lived.

    People trying to come off antidepressants who experience these types of symptom sometimes believe their depression has returned, and will start taking their antidepressant pills again. Differentiating between returning depression and SSRI discontinuation syndrome can be difficult. And it can lead to people continuing to take their antidepressant medication even though they no longer need it.

    Evidence suggests that SSRIs with short half-lives (where the drug is rapidly broken down in the body) are more likely to cause discontinuation syndrome. These drugs include paroxetine and fluvoxamine, which cause discontinuation syndrome in about 7% of people. Antidepressants with a long half-life – such as sertraline and fluoxetine – only cause the syndrome in about 2% of people.

    Other studies suggest that discontinuation syndrome may be as high as 40% when people stop taking SSRIs abruptly.

    The situation is further complicated in that some SSRIs, when broken down by the body, have active metabolites. These metabolites can have similar effects to the SSRI and effectively prolong the half-life of the drug.

    So fluoxetine, which has quite a long half-life and an active metabolite, rarely triggers discontinuation syndrome. On the other hand, paroxetine has a short half-life and no active metabolites and is the SSRI most likely to cause withdrawal effects, accounting for about 65% of cases.

    The simplest explanation for discontinuation syndrome is that coming off these drugs leads to an abrupt and rapid reduction in serotonin, the neurotransmitter thought to mediate the initial antidepressant effects. This is a gross oversimplification, but appropriate levels of serotonin make you happy and relaxed, while low levels make you sad and anxious.

    This serotonin discontinuation theory is supported by studies in rats, although other neurotransmitters are almost certainly involved.

    How does this compare to heroin withdrawal?

    Heroin activates a protein found in the brain, spinal cord and gastrointestinal tract called the mu opioid receptor. When activated, these receptors reduce the perception of pain by blocking pain signals in the nervous system.

    More users of heroin experience a withdrawal syndrome compared to users of SSRIs. Around 85% of opioid users who inject the drug experience severe withdrawal symptoms when they come off it. As with SSRIs, opioid withdrawal syndrome severity depends on how long they have been used for and the half-life of the specific opioid.

    The half-life of heroin is very short, which would suggest that it will cause severe withdrawal symptoms. However, heroin produces two active metabolites when it is broken down in the body, 6-MAM and morphine, which, like heroin, activate mu opioid receptors.

    But these metabolites do not activate the mu opioid receptor to the same extent as heroin. So in most cases of heroin withdrawal, significant symptoms occur as mu opioid receptors quickly shift from a state of high to low activation, leading to severe effects.

    Symptoms include drug craving, anxiety, nausea, diarrhoea, stomach cramps, fever and increased heart rate. These are all caused by changes to opioid receptors in the brain and gut. The gastrointestinal symptoms tend to be shorter lasting, whereas the psychological symptoms, such as anxiety and irritability, can last for years.

    Withdrawal from heroin often requires treatment with methadone or buprenorphine, two drugs that activate the mu opioid receptor but which have long half-lives.

    Typically, someone trying to come off heroin would go to the pharmacist and get a daily dose of methadone or buprenorphine. This is so-called substitution therapy because the new drug (methadone) substitutes for heroin.

    Methadone has many advantages over heroin, including that it is free (no need for criminality to get money for heroin), clean (no need to use potentially dirty needles or potentially contaminated heroin) and less addictive, with reduced side-effects.

    Heroin withdrawal is a relatively more common and more serious condition. But individual patients can still have a terrible time coming off SSRIs and a relatively easier time coming off heroin.

    How do you come off SSRIs?

    To come off SSRIs with minimal chance of a withdrawal syndrome, especially for the short-acting SSRIs, you should taper off the dose. This means that you would take progressively smaller and smaller doses over several weeks or months before coming off completely. Recent medical advice suggests that the tapering should be over a longer period than originally thought, and the final doses should be much lower.

    You could also switch from a short-acting SSRI to one with a long half-life like fluoxetine, and then taper off fluoxetine, which should be easier than tapering off paroxetine.

    Doctors should also consider “nocebo” effects. Just as doctors can increase placebo effects by being positive about a treatment, they can also increase negative effects (nocebo effects) by focusing on potential side-effects. So if your doctor focuses too much on a potential SSRI withdrawal syndrome, you will be more likely to experience negative effects.

    In addition to tapering off SSRIs very slowly, several drugs are available to mitigate the withdrawal effects of SSRIs. These include anxiety-reducing drugs, such as benzodiazepines, and antiemetic drugs, such as ondansetron for nausea.

    RFK Jr. has made several debatable statements related to health, including, for example, on vaccinations. On this occasion, though, concerning antidepressants, there is considerable evidence that coming off of SSRIs can be very difficult. But, for most people, it is unlikely that it would be as difficult as coming off heroin.

    Colin Davidson has previously received funding from the NIH (USA) and the European Community for projects related to drug abuse. His PhD, on the SSRI paroxetine, was sponsored by GSK. He is currently a consultant on psychoactive substances for the UK Defence Science Technology Labs and is a member of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (UK). The views expressed here are his own.

    – ref. Robert F. Kennedy Jr. says antidepressants are harder to quit than heroin – is he right? – https://theconversation.com/robert-f-kennedy-jr-says-antidepressants-are-harder-to-quit-than-heroin-is-he-right-248937

    MIL OSI – Global Reports –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Global: White Lotus does Thailand dirty

    Source: The Conversation – UK – By Andrew Russell, Lecturer, Faculty of Creative & Cultural Industries, University of Portsmouth

    Did you hear? There’s been another murder at a White Lotus hotel, this time the one in Thailand.

    Back for its third season, Mike White’s critically acclaimed and Emmy award-winning tragi-comedy series follows the terrible exploits of the White Lotus’s rich, primarily white holidaymakers, alongside the local employees.

    There is social satire, a lot of drama and always a death in paradise. In the first season there was death in Hawaii; the second in Sicily, Italy, and now, in the third, there’s death in Koh Samui.

    As someone who has researched on screen representations of Thailand I was intrigued to see how the show handled this locale. Disappointingly, the exoticness and beauty of Thailand is foregrounded, as is the mysticism of Buddhism.

    The series follows four groups of people, the majority of whom the audience are made to feel repulsed by in some way.

    The first is the Ratliff family. There’s father, Timothy (Jason Isaacs) who works in finance and mother, Victoria (Parker Posey), whose anxiety means she is heavily medicated and constantly falling asleep. Then the kids: daughter, Piper (Sarah Catherine Hook) who is studying Buddhism; son Lochlan (Sam Nivola) who has poor posture from being glued to his computer; and Saxon (Patrick Schwarzenegger), the eldest of the three, whose primary focus is having sex.


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    The second group is three middle-aged women who are on a “girls’ holiday” who abandon their inhibitions as the series progresses. They are routinely referred to as cougars by Saxon. Then there is odd couple Chelsea (Aimee Lou Wood) and her older partner Rick (Walton Goggins), who seem to be going through a rocky patch.

    The one likeable person, Belinda (Natasha Rothwell), is a character previously seen working in the spa in the first season’s Hawaiian resort. She’s in Thailand on a research trip for her own wellbeing business.

    Terrible people

    As with previous series, the ignorance of the holidaymakers is clear. Thailand is referred to as Taiwan. Piper is told by her mother that she can’t possibly be a Buddhist because she isn’t Chinese. The stereotype of the older, rich, bald white male – referred to here as LBHs (losers back home) – who retires to Thailand with a much younger wife is hammered home in various episodes.

    Through these guests’ continued cultural ignorance and insensitivity, the few Thai characters we are introduced to are subservient and constantly smiling, always there to please. There’s never a sense of disgust at the exploits of the rich white customers. They are voiceless and for the most part, absent.

    Belinda, the only black character, is also the only one who converses in any meaningful way with a Thai person. The only sort of story that gives any space to Thai characters is about a blossoming love between the security guard Gaitok (Tayme Thapthimthong) and health expert Mook (Lalisa Manoban), but this is sidelined.

    There is a clear cultural, economic and racial split presented, one that fails to allow any Thai character the ability to air their criticisms of the guests or to be developed in a meaningful way. In the main, the focus is on whiteness – a criticism previous series have also garnered.

    An imaginary Thailand

    All these facets together create a version of Thailand that is seen through the lens of orientalism. This is a western way of looking at non-western places as full of mysticism, eroticism and exoticness, where nothing normal occurs.

    This lens is foregrounded by characters constantly saying things like: “Thailand is full of people either looking for something or hiding from something”, and “Whatever happens in Thailand, stays in Thailand”.

    There is a constant flow of alcohol, and drugs can be procured away from the resort. Incest is even hinted at in the first few episodes as the audience are shown Lochlan gazing upon the naked body of his brother. The country is portrayed as a playground for white debauchery, where anything goes – much like in The Hangover part II (2011), a trope I have written about in my research.

    The link to orientalism is further enhanced by the way in which Thai religion is shown as being mystical. Anytime a character engages in a spiritual practice it is accompanied by a tinkling score indicating something otherworldly is occurring. This isn’t limited to Western characters. When Gaitok, makes an offering at a shrine the visuals are presented in slow motion as candlelight flickers with a mythical aura pervading.

    The previous seasons have seen a boom in travel to filming locations in Sicily and Hawaii, driven by their onscreen depictions), and this season’s Thailand setting will likely lead to the same.

    The landscape is a constant focal point, exemplifying the British sociologist John Urry’s theory of the “tourist gaze”. Exotic portions of the landscape are lingered upon, from the jungle and palm trees to ocean vistas. Monkeys are continuously seen, alongside other “exotic” creatures.

    This is a recurring trait seen in Hollywood films set in Thailand, from Anna and the King of Siam (1946) to The Impossible (2012), situating it purely as an exotic locale.

    This series uses iconic tourist locations, such as the Buddhist temple Wat Pho which forms the background for a conversation in one scene. Also, what appears to be the Phi Phi Islands, known for their pristine beaches and clear waters, drift past during a luxury yacht trip. Sadly, Thailand in this series is reduced to a digestible set of iconic images for the audience.

    White Lotus engages in a double game. The series is clearly critical of the characters, presenting lifestyle and holidays as desirable and aspirational, all the while reinforcing antiquated orientalist stereotypes itself. You would hope a show trying to show the evils of a certain kind of tourism wouldn’t also be guilty of the thing it’s attempting to lampoon.

    Andrew Russell does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. White Lotus does Thailand dirty – https://theconversation.com/white-lotus-does-thailand-dirty-249812

    MIL OSI – Global Reports –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Global: Apple Cider Vinegar: how social media gave rise to fraudulent wellness influencers like Belle Gibson

    Source: The Conversation – UK – By Stephanie Alice Baker, Reader (Associate Professor) in Sociology, City St George’s, University of London

    This article contains spoilers for Apple Cider Vinegar.


    The new Netflix series Apple Cider Vinegar tells the story of wellness influencer Belle Gibson, who built a loyal following on social media by documenting her cancer journey online. But in 2015, Gibson was exposed as a fraud. She never had cancer, and lied about donating funds to charities and ill children.

    The series documents Gibson’s rise to fame and subsequent downfall, portraying some of the psychological factors that influenced her deceit. But this scandal also illustrates a larger story about the conditions that enable cancer frauds such as Gibson to gain credibility and influence online.

    The 2000s were characterised by the “blogging revolution” – a shift in how people produced and consumed information. Blogs enabled content creators to share their lives and experiences publicly, and engage directly with their readers. Niche communities formed around common interests ranging from health to heartbreak.

    Gibson capitalised on this trend, creating a blog called The Whole Pantry where she documented her alleged journey battling a rare form of terminal brain cancer. She claimed on her blog to have decided to reject conventional cancer treatments.

    Instead, Gibson expressed that she was empowered to heal herself naturally through nutrition, determination and love – as well as alternative medicine including Ayurvedic treatments, craniosacral therapy, oxygen therapy and colonics.

    The blog was developed into an app in 2013 and a book in 2014 – with Gibson’s story being legitimised by a reputable publisher and brands, then further fuelled by her social media presence.

    Gibson’s primary platform of communication was Instagram. She used the photo-and-video sharing app to build and engage with her followers through inspirational quotes, personal anecdotes and evocative photographs. Lifestyle and wellness influencers typically earn trust and intimacy by presenting themselves as authentic, accessible – and autonomous from state and corporate interests.

    A quote from Gibson’s book, also called The Whole Pantry, encapsulates the way she executed this strategy to appeal to online followers. She wrote: “Too many people over-edit themselves. There’s not enough honesty out there. It’s human to feel sick, to ask questions, to search for answers … Never refine yourself in a way which takes away your heart, message and truest self.”

    This persona allowed Gibson not only to achieve fame online, but to establish a parasocial relationship with her followers by distancing herself from the medical establishment, appearing relatable and unfiltered in her exchanges with followers.

    The mass media has long been recognised as facilitating parasocial relationships: emotional and imaginary bonds that, despite feeling real, tend to be one-dimensional and one-sided. The original parasocial relationships were formed with media figures such as news anchors, radio hosts, and film and pop stars.

    Today, content creators on social media are the primary influencers. Although these relationships are typically one-sided, they can still feel intimate and real.

    The role of the wellness industry

    In the aftermath of the scandal, people searched for who to blame. Fingers were pointed at the press for glamorising Gibson, as well as a publisher and other companies that failed to adequately fact-check Gibson’s claims.

    Criticism was also directed at the wellness industry for peddling misinformation and pseudoscience.

    There’s an assumption that wellness is mainly a female pursuit – and the Netflix series follows several female wellness influencers who have built brands around their illness and disease.

    In fact, the gendered dimensions of wellness are more complicated. The original founders of the wellness movement were male. Although many struggled to commodify wellness, they increasingly tapped into a market of women, many of whom felt justifiably unheard and overlooked by health professionals.

    There’s an irony that Gibson’s wellness brand went by the Instagram handle “healing_belle”. Part of the success of the wellness industry today is derived from promising miracle cures and remedies for various forms of illness and disease. Many wellness influencers have built successful brands by commodifying health and wellbeing.

    This is a far cry from the movement’s origins and the more positive conception of health they sought to establish – which aimed to operate in conjunction with medicine, rather than against it.

    Gibson rose to fame in a climate of low institutional trust, where her lived experience was valued over institutional expertise. Similar to many alt-health influencers, her suspicion of conventional medicine resulted in controversial claims about vaccination, and the benefits of Gerson therapy – a regimen that claims to cure cancer through a special diet, supplements and enemas – and raw milk.

    It was by documenting the negative side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in her book that Gibson was able to present her lifestyle and lived experience as a hopeful alternative path to healing.

    After she was convicted of misleading and deceptive conduct in 2017 and ordered by the Federal Court of Australia to pay a fine of AUS$410,000 (£206,000), one might have expected to see a decrease in cancer frauds, given the global publicity this scandal attracted.

    Instead, other high-profile cases of content creators peddling cancer misinformation on short video platforms have emerged at an alarming rate – often using social media to monetise fake miracle cures, from apricot kernels to soursop tea.

    Short-form video platforms such as TikTok, Instagram Reels and YouTube Shorts have changed the dynamics of fame. Algorithms are central to the user experience on these apps, allowing relatively unknown content creators to gain visibility and attention online.

    Whereas Gibson spent years cultivating a following online, today a content creator with only a handful of followers can upload an engaging video and achieve millions of views.

    The technologies have changed, but there is an industry of content creators profiting from misleading and harmful advice. The prevalence of cancer misinformation online highlights that the problem runs much deeper than the case of Gibson, as told in Apple Cider Vinegar.

    Stephanie Alice Baker does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. Apple Cider Vinegar: how social media gave rise to fraudulent wellness influencers like Belle Gibson – https://theconversation.com/apple-cider-vinegar-how-social-media-gave-rise-to-fraudulent-wellness-influencers-like-belle-gibson-249432

    MIL OSI – Global Reports –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Africa: Kenya relies on USaid famine warning system – what happens now that it’s gone?

    Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Timothy Njagi Njeru, Research Fellow, Tegemeo Institute, Egerton University

    Famine Early Warning Systems Network (Fews Net), a web-based platform for predicting famine, went offline on 30 January 2025. The system had provided up-to-date data to predict and track food insecurity in nearly 30 countries in Africa, central America and Asia for 40 years. It was funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAid). It went offline following USAid’s shutdown by the new US administration.

    In Kenya, Fews Net worked with the National Drought Management Agency and the Kenya Food Security Steering Group to develop regular outlook reports at national and county levels. Timothy Njagi Njeru, an agricultural economist who researches food security and emergency responses, explains what Fews Net’s abrupt departure portends for Kenya.

    What are the highlights of the network’s work in Kenya?

    The famine early warning network provided data and interpretation to shape decisions on food insecurity in Kenya. The Kenyan pages on the web platform – which has gone dark – included:

    • an outlook for crop production based on climate data and extreme weather events

    • a standardised measure of food insecurity that helped governments prioritise their responses

    • a forecast of potential food crises using climate, economic and conflict data.

    Fews Net was launched in response to devastating famines in east and west Africa in the mid-1980s. Its main objective was to gather and analyse data to help governments avert food security crises.

    This evolved to support other critical areas that affected food security. For example, in the beginning, the network used weather information to generate forecasts on food crises. In time, it also collected price data and trade data, especially on staple commodities, to inform market stabilisation policies. And it tracked climate adaptation strategies.

    Its work helped highlight the regions vulnerable to food insecurity, assessed the support these communities got and tracked the effects of weather variability.

    In Kenya, the network worked with the Kenya Food Security Steering Group, which is made up of government, multilateral and non-profit agencies. The National Drought Management Authority, Kenya Meteorological Department and Kenya National Bureau of Statistics are in the group. So are the ministries of agriculture, health, water and education, and county governments. Development partners such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Unicef, and civil society organisations, such as the World Food Program and World Vision, are also members.

    Their work was published in regular Food and Nutrition Security Assessments.

    Fews Net also provided country and county-level briefs. These provided updates on the scale of food insecurity and assistance provided to these regions. They contained forecasts of crop and livestock production. They provided analyses of food trade, price trends, conflict incidences, and performance of assistance programmes. The forecasts helped generate recommendations for specific regions.

    All this data was critical for market intelligence and developing value chains. It helped stakeholders make decisions about services, infrastructure support and demand or supply.

    What difference has it made?

    The Famine Early Warning Systems Network made a huge contribution to Kenya and the region as a whole. The seasonal food security forecasts enabled governments and development partners to respond to crises adequately and in a coordinated manner.

    The network’s analytics on price trends and food trade proved very useful in overcoming obstacles to food trade. These included information asymmetry on demand and supply trends. The analytics also highlighted where infrastructural or security challenges might affect the flow of food from surplus to deficit areas. This equipped the government and stakeholders with the information to respond appropriately.

    The analytics on household data provided information on household income, food availability and mechanisms to cope with food shocks. This informs government and others about local communities’ capacity to respond to shocks.

    The tracking of local market price data informed policy responses, such as livestock offtake programmes at the height of drought or famines. Offtake programmes provide a ready market for families grappling with drought. They enable them to sell their cattle before incurring losses caused by livestock deaths during drought seasons. These programmes help communities enhance their market participation and reduce losses as they are able to sell their livestock at fair prices.

    What gaps will its absence create?

    The absence of the early warning network will affect Kenya’s ability to address food insecurity. It leaves a gap in financial and technical capacity to generate timely forecasts to inform decision making.

    It will take time for other institutions to replace that contribution. In the short run, stakeholders can use the information that’s already been generated. In the medium term, there may be uncertainty and incoherence in interventions and investments.

    Because Kenya’s weather has been so variable, the country needs seasonal forecasts at both national and county levels.

    What should Kenya do to fill the gap?

    Kenya can strengthen the capacity in institutions such as the drought management authority and statistics bureau.

    In the long term, the country must increase financial investments that support food security. And it must build technical capacity to produce credible, reliable and timely food security forecasts.

    – Kenya relies on USaid famine warning system – what happens now that it’s gone?
    – https://theconversation.com/kenya-relies-on-usaid-famine-warning-system-what-happens-now-that-its-gone-249614

    MIL OSI Africa –

    February 15, 2025
  • MIL-OSI United Kingdom: Trailblazing apprenticeship programme for forestry sector reopens

    Source: United Kingdom – Executive Government & Departments

    The Professional Forester Apprenticeship programme offers an exciting career pathway into the forestry sector for people from all backgrounds

    A new call for foresters of the future has gone out for the next cohort of the innovative Professional Forester Apprenticeship programme.

    The forestry and timber sector plays a key role in ensuring our precious woods and forests are healthy and continue to flourish for generations to come, helping the country meet its net zero and environment targets, supporting economic growth, and providing multiple social benefits.

    The three-year, paid development opportunity is open to school leavers, graduates or anyone looking for a change in career direction and a rewarding job in the natural environment – with no day the same.

    In total, the scheme has already kickstarted 78 careers in forestry, and the reopening of the programme will offer more people the chance to be part of a new cohort of foresters. The Forestry Commission kick-started the scheme in 2022, and an increasing number of other organisations and businesses have taken the opportunity to host apprentices over the subsequent years. 

    This boost for forestry comes during of National Apprenticeships Week (Monday 10 February to Sunday 16 February), which celebrates the skills and value which apprenticeships create. Kickstarting economic growth by providing good employment opportunities across the country, including in rural areas, is a crucial part of the Government’s Plan for Change and apprenticeships like these are a great way to give people access to a new career.

    Forestry Commission Chief Executive Richard Stanford said:

    “The Professional Forester Apprenticeship programme offers people the chance to earn while they learn. Students have a mix of academic study and technical experience in the great outdoors and at the end of the programme can achieve a bachelor’s degree and chartered forester qualifications.

    “The continued success of this unique programme is heartening to see – people from all kinds of backgrounds and ages have been able to kickstart a new career. I urge anyone who is interested in finding a vocation looking after our trees, woods and forests, and who wants to work in a sector with lots of opportunities, to apply today.”

    Apprentice foresters from previous years have pointed to the variety of daily experiences, and the access to a wide range of expertise amongst the benefits provided by this apprenticeship programme.

    Apprentices on the scheme enjoy a combination of hands-on experience with the Forestry Commission and academic studies in forestry management led by the University of Cumbria. There is also potential for wider sector placements to further develop their skills and experience and improve future employment prospects. 

    Current apprentice Zoltan Varju said:

    “Nature has been a lifelong passion of mine and getting the opportunity to work to make sure we have healthy woodlands has been fantastic.  

    “I’ve also been glad to be trained while working, so that I can earn a salary while I’m learning instead of tuition fees. I’d recommend an apprenticeship for anyone looking for a career in forestry, it offers a great variety of experiences and it’s great to learn from people with years of experience in the job.

    Current apprentice Julia Churchill-Angus said:

    “Having spent the first part of my career developing and delivering environmental policy, I wanted to get more practical environmental management experience.

    “Forestry seemed like the perfect way to do this.  As a Development Woodland Officer, I’m also completing a degree and that’s been a great compliment to my job with lots of academic and practical training as well.”

    Upon completion of the programme, successful graduates will earn a Professional Forester Apprenticeship (equivalent to Level 6), a BSc (Hons) Professional Forester and will be able to apply for Chartered Forester status with the Institute of Chartered Foresters.

    Additional information:

    • Find out more at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/apply-for-a-forestry-apprenticeship
    • The deadline to apply is 11.55pm Sunday 16 March 2025.
    • Out of the 78 apprentices who have participated in the scheme so far, 47 have done so on Forestry Commission placements.

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    Published 14 February 2025

    MIL OSI United Kingdom –

    February 15, 2025
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