Source: Asia Development Bank
Strong leadership, planning, and stakeholder participation are crucial to the success of Seoul’s approach to its urban development.
Figure 2: Seoul’s Approach to Urban Development
Leadership. City leadership is vital in spearheading urban planning efforts and creating an environment conducive to private sector growth and citizen well-being. Strong political commitment is crucial for prioritizing urban planning and allocating resources. Political leaders should champion sustainable development goals, advocate necessary policy changes, and garner support for urban planning initiatives among various stakeholders.
Clear laws and regulations. Clear policies empower city governments to enforce planning standards, protect public interests, and guide private sector investments in alignment with city objectives. The Seoul Metropolitan Government developed policies and laws that incentivize sustainable development practices, encourage investment in critical sectors, and promote inclusivity and social equity. Robust enforcement mechanisms ensured compliance with urban planning measures and regulations.
Urban planning. A comprehensive urban plan, which strikes a balance among economic, social, and environmental considerations, is paramount for creating vibrant, livable, sustainable, and resilient cities. A well-crafted urban plan: (i) fosters an environment conducive to business, which attracts investments, stimulates economic growth, and generates employment opportunities; (ii) ensures a high quality of life by providing access to green spaces, recreational facilities, efficient public transportation, and essential services (education, healthcare, water supply, sanitation); (iii) promotes healthy lifestyles through pedestrian-friendly streets and bike lanes; and (iv) enhances resilience to natural hazards through strategic land use, building codes that ensure structures can withstand floods and earthquakes, and effective emergency response plans.
Compact development. Zoning regulations should encourage mixed-land use and compact growth to optimize land use (e.g., setting a maximum limit on a building’s footprint and floor area ratio promote compact neighborhoods and vertical growth while preventing oversized tower block development). Incentives, such as tax reduction and deregulation, encourage developers to build high-density areas or include a mix of residential, commercial, and retail spaces.
Stakeholder participation. Engaging stakeholders is necessary to ensure proper project design, support implementation, local resource mobilization, and sustainability of project achievements.
Smart use of public financing. Focus should be placed on essential urban infrastructure and services that support private sector activities and promote social equity and environmental sustainability. Public financing should also support innovation and technological development, where commercial payoffs may be uncertain or lengthy for private investors. Incentives and risk-sharing mechanisms (e.g., tax breaks, subsidies, preferential loans, matching funds) can attract private capital to city priorities.