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Category: Education

  • MIL-OSI Africa: Cape Town’s sewage treatment isn’t coping: scientists are worried about what the city is telling the public

    Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Lesley Green, Professor of Earth Politics and Director: Environmental Humanities South, University of Cape Town

    Urban water bodies – rivers, lakes and oceans – are in trouble globally. Large sewage volumes damage the open environment, and new chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds don’t break down on their own. When they are released into the open environment, they build up in living tissues all along the food chain, bringing with them multiple health risks.

    The city of Cape Town, South Africa, is no exception. It has 300km of coastline along two bays and a peninsula, as well as multiple rivers and wetlands. The city discharges more than 40 megalitres of raw sewage directly into the Atlantic Ocean every day. In addition, large volumes of poorly treated sewage and runoff from shack settlements enter rivers and from there into both the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans.

    Over almost a decade, our multi-disciplinary team, and others, have studied contamination risks in Cape Town’s oceans, rivers, aquifers and lakes. Our goal has been to bring evidence of contaminants to the attention of officials responsible for a clean environment.

    Monitoring sewage levels in the city’s water bodies is essential because of the health risks posed by contaminated water to all citizens – farmers, surfers, and everybody eating fish and vegetables. Monitoring needs to be done scientifically and in a way that produces data that is trustworthy and not driven by vested interests. This is a challenge in cities where scientific findings are expected to support marketing of tourism or excellence of the political administration.

    Our research findings have been published in multiple peer-reviewed journals. We have also communicated with the public through articles in the media, a website and a documentary.

    Cape Town’s official municipal responses to independent studies and reports, however, have been hostile. Our work has been unjustifiably denounced by top city officials and politicians. We have been subject to attacks by fake social media avatars. Laboratory studies have even received a demand for an apology from the political party in charge of the city.

    These extraordinary responses – and many others – reflect the extent to which independent scientific inquiry has been under attack.

    We set about tracking the different kinds of denial and attacks on independent contaminant science in Cape Town over 11 years. Our recently published study describes 18 different types of science communication that have minimised or denied the problem of contamination. It builds on similar studies elsewhere.

    Our findings show the extent to which contaminant science in Cape Town is at risk of producing not public knowledge but public ignorance, reflecting similar patterns internationally where science communication sometimes obfuscates more than it informs. To address this risk, we argue that institutionalised conflicts of interest should be removed. There should also be changes to how city-funded testing is done and when data is released to citizens. After all, it is citizens’ rates and taxes that have paid for that testing, and the South African constitution guarantees the right to information.

    We also propose that the city’s political leaders take the courageous step of accepting that the current water treatment infrastructure is unworkable for a city of over 5 million people. Accepting this would open the door to an overhaul of the city’s approach to wastewater treatment.

    The way forward

    We divided our study of contaminant communication events into four sub-categories:

    • non-disclosure of data

    • misinformation that gives a partial or misleading account of a scientific finding

    • using city-funded science to bolster political authority

    • relying on point data collected fortnightly to prove “the truth” of bodies of water as if it never moves or changes, when in reality, water bodies move every second of every day.

    We found evidence of multiple instances of miscommunication. On the basis of these, we make specific recommendations.

    First: municipalities should address conflicts of interest that are built into their organisational structure. These arise when the people responsible for ensuring that water bodies are healthy are simultaneously contracting consultants to conduct research on water contaminants. This is particularly important because over the last two decades large consultancies have established themselves as providers of scientific certification. But they are profit-making ventures, which calls into question the independence of their findings.

    Second: the issue of data release needs to be addressed. Two particular problems stand out:

    • Real-time information. Water quality results for beaches are usually released a week or more after samples have been taken. But because water moves all the time every day, people living in the city need real-time information. Best-practice water contamination measures use water current models to predict where contaminated water will be, given each day’s different winds and temperatures.

    • Poor and incomplete data. When ocean contaminant data is released as a 12-month rolling average, all the very high values are smoothed out. The end result is a figure that does not communicate the reality of risks under different conditions.

    Third: Politicians should be accountable for their public statements on science. Independent and authoritative scientific bodies, such as the Academy of Science of South Africa, should be empowered to audit municipal science communications.

    Fourth: Reputational harm to the science community must stop. Government officials claiming that they alone know a scientific truth and denouncing independent scientists with other data closes down the culture of scientific inquiry. And it silences others.

    Fifth: The integrity of scientific findings needs to be protected. Many cities, including Cape Town, rely on corporate brand management and political reputation management. Nevertheless, cities, by their very nature, have to deal with sewage, wastes and runoff. Public science communication that is based on marketing strategies prioritises advancing a brand (whether of a political party or a tourist destination). The risk is that city-funded science is turned into advertising and is presented as unquestionable.

    Finally, Cape Town needs political leaders who are courageous enough to confront two evident realities. Current science communications in the city are not serving the public well, and wastewater treatment systems that use rivers and oceans as open sewers are a solution designed a century ago. Both urgently need to be reconfigured.

    Next steps

    As a team of independent contaminant researchers we have worked alongside communities where health, ecology, livestock and recreation have been profoundly harmed by ongoing contamination. We have documented these effects, only to hear the evidence denied by officials.

    We recognise and value the beginnings of some new steps to data transparency in Cape Town’s mayoral office, like rescinding the 2021 by-law that banned independent scientific testing of open water bodies, almost all of which are classified as nature reserves.

    We would welcome a dialogue on building strong and credible public science communications.

    This study is dedicated to the memory of Mpharu Hloyi, head of Scientific Services in the City of Cape Town, in acknowledgement of her dedication to the health of urban bodies of water. Her untimely passing was a loss for all.

    This article also drew on Masters theses written by Melissa Zackon and Amy Beukes.

    – Cape Town’s sewage treatment isn’t coping: scientists are worried about what the city is telling the public
    – https://theconversation.com/cape-towns-sewage-treatment-isnt-coping-scientists-are-worried-about-what-the-city-is-telling-the-public-260317

    MIL OSI Africa –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: Robotic joint surgery introduced at N. I. Pirogov Clinic of St. Petersburg State University | Saint Petersburg State University

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Saint Petersburg State University –

    An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

    News and Events News

    July 7, 2025 News

    Doctors at the N. I. Pirogov Clinic of High Medical Technologies at St. Petersburg State University have made a breakthrough in orthopedics. For the first time in St. Petersburg, robotic surgery has appeared using the MAKO SmartRobotics system — an advanced platform for knee and hip joint replacement. Now patients can have total and partial endoprosthetics with pinpoint precision, unachievable by traditional methods.

    © Clinic of High Medical Technologies named after N. I. Pirogov, St. Petersburg State University

    N. I. Pirogov Clinic of High Medical Technologies is part of the St. Petersburg University and regularly occupies a leading position among the best medical institutions both in Russia and abroad. Over the past year, specialists at the university clinic have performed more than 35,000 successful operations.

    New Bachelor’s Degree Program “Physical Rehabilitation” at St. Petersburg State University will prepare rehabilitation specialists for the high-tech branch of medicine.

    The day before the operation, the surgeon plans the installation of the implant down to the smallest detail, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient’s anatomy, based on 3D modeling data. Preoperative planning based on CT data is carried out using the MAKO digital ecosystem, which includes intraoperative navigation that visualizes the anatomy in real time, as well as a robotic arm.

    “This level of preoperative preparation and intraoperative control radically changes the standards of accuracy and predictability of results. During the intervention, the robot, like the hand of an experienced sculptor, limits the area of influence of the instruments and ensures maximum precision of resections with zero possibility of error,” the traumatologist-orthopedist emphasized. Clinics named after N. I. Pirogov of St. Petersburg State University Vadim Klimenko, who performed the first operation.

    MAKO SmartRobotics is the only robotic system in Russia officially registered for total hip replacement, as well as total and partial knee replacement.

    Unlike surgical navigation systems, which are visualization aids, MAKO has the ability to physically control the movement of instruments. Clinical studies demonstrate significant benefits of robotic surgery: a reduction in revision rates of up to 53%, improved soft tissue balance, shorter hospital stays, reduced need for analgesics, and faster rehabilitation.

    Subscribe to our channel inTelegram and to the official public VKontakteto keep up to date with the University’s activities.

    Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    .

    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: Psychologist from St. Petersburg State University in the podcast “Heinrich Terahertz”: “Digital addiction – a new reality or a threat to thinking?” | St. Petersburg State University

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Saint Petersburg State University –

    An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

    Smartphones and social media create the illusion of productivity, but in reality they drain the psyche. Constant notifications, endless scrolling, and the fear of missing out lead to chronic anxiety and a decrease in intellectual abilities. Children, whose cognitive functions are formed in conditions of hyperconnectivity, are especially vulnerable – their thinking may never reach full maturity.

    Olga Shcherbakova explained why banning gadgets in schools (as in China, Australia and the EU) improves academic performance and socialization. Modern children, who are called “digital natives”, lose their deep thinking skills because their brains get used to working in conjunction with external devices. Even educational content is not always useful – it is important to be able to distinguish educational materials from “digital fast food”. A separate problem is “cognitive reserve”: if thinking is not trained in youth, this can lead to early cognitive impairments in the future.

    The world is not divided into those who are “dependent” and those who “control.” Most people simply do not realize how much their psyche has already merged with gadgets.

    Leading researcher of the Faculty of Psychology of St. Petersburg State University Olga Shcherbakova

    There is a way out: consciously limiting screen time, returning to analog forms of learning, and creating an environment where the brain is forced to work independently. But this requires efforts not only at the family level, but also at the level of the entire education system.

    She explained how to regain your attention and help children avoid digital degradation, and whether it is worth waiting for government regulation or starting with yourself. And why even adults who consider themselves “confident users” are actually susceptible to digital addiction.

    Listen to the podcast

    Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    .

    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI USA: Aaisha Ali: From Marine Biology to the Artemis Control Room 

    Source: NASA

    As humanity prepares to return to the lunar surface, Aaisha Ali is behind the scenes ensuring mission readiness for astronauts set to orbit the Moon during Artemis II. 
    Ali is the Artemis ground control flight lead at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston. She makes sure her team has the resources needed for the next giant leap to the Moon and beyond. 

    Aaisha Ali
    Artemis Ground Control Flight Lead

    Ali received a bachelor’s degree in biology from Texas A&M University at Galveston before beginning a career as a marine biologist. Her curiosity about science and communication eventually led her from studying marine life to sharing NASA’s mission with the public. With a robust skill set that includes public relations, media relations, and strategic communications, she went on to work at Space Center Houston and later at Johnson on the protocol and digital imagery teams.
    Today, Ali leads the ground control team supporting Artemis II, ensuring that systems, simulations, and procedures are ready for the mission. Her role includes developing flight rules, finalizing operations plans and leading training sessions – known as “network sims” – that prepare her team to respond quickly and effectively. 
    “Because I’ve had a multifaceted career path, it has given me a different outlook,” she said. “Diversity of mindsets helps us approach problems. Sometimes a different angle is exactly what we need.” 

    Her perspective was also shaped by visits to her grandmother in the Caribbean as a child. “She lived in the tropical forest in a small village in Trinidad,” Ali said. “I was fortunate enough to spend summers on the island and experience a different way of life, which has helped me grow into the person I am today.”  
    Communication, she explained, is just as critical as technical expertise. “When we report to the flight director, we are the experts in our system. But we have to be clear and concise. You don’t get a lot of time on the flight loop to explain.” 
    That clarity, humility, and sense of teamwork are values Ali says have shaped her journey. 

    Aaisha ali
    Artemis Ground Control Flight Lead

    Looking ahead, Ali is especially passionate about inspiring the Artemis Generation — those who will one day explore the Moon and Mars. She often shares advice with her nieces and nephews, including one determined nephew who has dreamed of becoming an astronaut since age 7. 
    “Do what you love, and NASA will find a place for you,” she said. “NASA is a big place. If you love the law, we have lawyers. If you love art, science, or technology, there’s a place for you. Passion is what we’re looking for.” 

    In her free time, Ali enjoys photography and connecting with nature by camping and visiting national parks. She also loves planning trips to Walt Disney World, meeting new people, experiencing different cultures, and learning new things. 
    Even as her days are packed with simulations and mission prep, Ali knows landing astronauts on the lunar surface for Artemis III is not far behind. 
    “There’s a lot of uphill left to climb,” she said. “But we’re ready.” 

    MIL OSI USA News –

  • MIL-Evening Report: Cape Town’s sewage treatment isn’t coping: scientists are worried about what the city is telling the public

    Source: The Conversation (Au and NZ) – By Lesley Green, Professor of Earth Politics and Director: Environmental Humanities South, University of Cape Town

    Urban water bodies – rivers, lakes and oceans – are in trouble globally. Large sewage volumes damage the open environment, and new chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds don’t break down on their own. When they are released into the open environment, they build up in living tissues all along the food chain, bringing with them multiple health risks.

    The city of Cape Town, South Africa, is no exception. It has 300km of coastline along two bays and a peninsula, as well as multiple rivers and wetlands. The city discharges more than 40 megalitres of raw sewage directly into the Atlantic Ocean every day. In addition, large volumes of poorly treated sewage and runoff from shack settlements enter rivers and from there into both the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans.

    Over almost a decade, our multi-disciplinary team, and others, have studied contamination risks in Cape Town’s oceans, rivers, aquifers and lakes. Our goal has been to bring evidence of contaminants to the attention of officials responsible for a clean environment.

    Monitoring sewage levels in the city’s water bodies is essential because of the health risks posed by contaminated water to all citizens – farmers, surfers, and everybody eating fish and vegetables. Monitoring needs to be done scientifically and in a way that produces data that is trustworthy and not driven by vested interests. This is a challenge in cities where scientific findings are expected to support marketing of tourism or excellence of the political administration.

    Our research findings have been published in multiple peer-reviewed journals. We have also communicated with the public through articles in the media, a website and a documentary.

    Cape Town’s official municipal responses to independent studies and reports, however, have been hostile. Our work has been unjustifiably denounced by top city officials and politicians. We have been subject to attacks by fake social media avatars. Laboratory studies have even received a demand for an apology from the political party in charge of the city.

    These extraordinary responses – and many others – reflect the extent to which independent scientific inquiry has been under attack.

    We set about tracking the different kinds of denial and attacks on independent contaminant science in Cape Town over 11 years. Our recently published study describes 18 different types of science communication that have minimised or denied the problem of contamination. It builds on similar studies elsewhere.

    Our findings show the extent to which contaminant science in Cape Town is at risk of producing not public knowledge but public ignorance, reflecting similar patterns internationally where science communication sometimes obfuscates more than it informs. To address this risk, we argue that institutionalised conflicts of interest should be removed. There should also be changes to how city-funded testing is done and when data is released to citizens. After all, it is citizens’ rates and taxes that have paid for that testing, and the South African constitution guarantees the right to information.

    We also propose that the city’s political leaders take the courageous step of accepting that the current water treatment infrastructure is unworkable for a city of over 5 million people. Accepting this would open the door to an overhaul of the city’s approach to wastewater treatment.

    The way forward

    We divided our study of contaminant communication events into four sub-categories:

    • non-disclosure of data

    • misinformation that gives a partial or misleading account of a scientific finding

    • using city-funded science to bolster political authority

    • relying on point data collected fortnightly to prove “the truth” of bodies of water as if it never moves or changes, when in reality, water bodies move every second of every day.

    We found evidence of multiple instances of miscommunication. On the basis of these, we make specific recommendations.

    First: municipalities should address conflicts of interest that are built into their organisational structure. These arise when the people responsible for ensuring that water bodies are healthy are simultaneously contracting consultants to conduct research on water contaminants. This is particularly important because over the last two decades large consultancies have established themselves as providers of scientific certification. But they are profit-making ventures, which calls into question the independence of their findings.

    Second: the issue of data release needs to be addressed. Two particular problems stand out:

    • Real-time information. Water quality results for beaches are usually released a week or more after samples have been taken. But because water moves all the time every day, people living in the city need real-time information. Best-practice water contamination measures use water current models to predict where contaminated water will be, given each day’s different winds and temperatures.

    • Poor and incomplete data. When ocean contaminant data is released as a 12-month rolling average, all the very high values are smoothed out. The end result is a figure that does not communicate the reality of risks under different conditions.

    Third: Politicians should be accountable for their public statements on science. Independent and authoritative scientific bodies, such as the Academy of Science of South Africa, should be empowered to audit municipal science communications.

    Fourth: Reputational harm to the science community must stop. Government officials claiming that they alone know a scientific truth and denouncing independent scientists with other data closes down the culture of scientific inquiry. And it silences others.

    Fifth: The integrity of scientific findings needs to be protected. Many cities, including Cape Town, rely on corporate brand management and political reputation management. Nevertheless, cities, by their very nature, have to deal with sewage, wastes and runoff. Public science communication that is based on marketing strategies prioritises advancing a brand (whether of a political party or a tourist destination). The risk is that city-funded science is turned into advertising and is presented as unquestionable.

    Finally, Cape Town needs political leaders who are courageous enough to confront two evident realities. Current science communications in the city are not serving the public well, and wastewater treatment systems that use rivers and oceans as open sewers are a solution designed a century ago. Both urgently need to be reconfigured.

    Next steps

    As a team of independent contaminant researchers we have worked alongside communities where health, ecology, livestock and recreation have been profoundly harmed by ongoing contamination. We have documented these effects, only to hear the evidence denied by officials.

    We recognise and value the beginnings of some new steps to data transparency in Cape Town’s mayoral office, like rescinding the 2021 by-law that banned independent scientific testing of open water bodies, almost all of which are classified as nature reserves.

    We would welcome a dialogue on building strong and credible public science communications.

    This study is dedicated to the memory of Mpharu Hloyi, head of Scientific Services in the City of Cape Town, in acknowledgement of her dedication to the health of urban bodies of water. Her untimely passing was a loss for all.

    This article also drew on Masters theses written by Melissa Zackon and Amy Beukes.

    Lesley Green has received funding from the Science for Africa Foundation; the Seed Box MISTRA Formas Environmental Humanities Collaboratory; and the Science For Africa Foundation’s DELTAS Africa II program (Del:22-010).

    Cecilia Yejide Ojemaye receives funding from the University of Cape Town Carnegie DEAL Sustainable Development Goals Research Fellowship and the National Research Foundation for the SanOcean grant from the South Africa‐Norway Cooperation on Ocean Research (UID 118754).

    Leslie Petrik received funding from National Research Foundation for the SanOcean grant from the South Africa‐Norway Cooperation on Ocean Research (UID 118754) for this study.

    Nikiwe Solomon received funding at different stages for PhD research from the Water Research Commission (WRC) and National Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS), in collaboration with the South African Humanities Deans Association (SAHUDA). Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the WRC, NIHSS and SAHUDA.

    Jo Barnes and Vanessa Farr do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. Cape Town’s sewage treatment isn’t coping: scientists are worried about what the city is telling the public – https://theconversation.com/cape-towns-sewage-treatment-isnt-coping-scientists-are-worried-about-what-the-city-is-telling-the-public-260317

    MIL OSI Analysis – EveningReport.nz –

  • MIL-Evening Report: Kumanjayi Walker inquest: racism and violence, but findings too little and too late

    Source: The Conversation (Au and NZ) – By Thalia Anthony, Professor of Law, University of Technology Sydney

    First Nations people please be advised this article speaks of racially discriminating moments in history, including the distress and death of First Nations people.

    The inquest findings into the death of 19-year-old Kumanjayi Walker are among the most anticipated in the history of deaths in custody.

    It is almost six years since Walker was shot point blank three times by former Northern Territory (NT) Police constable Zachary Rolfe. These events occurred on the evening of November 9 2019 in a family home of Walker, as Warlpiri people of the remote Central Australian community of Yuendumu listened in fear.

    In the immediate aftermath of the shooting, Chief Minister Michael Gunner promised “consequences would flow”.

    In 2022, Rolfe was tried for murder and the alternate charges of manslaughter and violent act causing death. The first, non-lethal, shot was conceded by the prosecution to be in self-defence. The fatal second and third shots were the basis for the prosecution.

    The jury, with no Aboriginal representation, decided in March 2022 that self-defence also applied to the subsequent shots, and Rolfe was found not guilty.

    Legal experts have since contended that the first shot was not an act of self-defence, given Rolfe unlawfully ambushed Walker without permission to enter the home. They also maintain Rolfe’s history of racial violence and slurs against Aboriginal people should have been admissible evidence given their relevance to Rolfe’s conduct on the night of November 9.

    Following the trial, in September 2022 the inquest into Kumanjayi Walker’s death commenced. The coroner’s role is to determine the causes of Walker’s death.

    The issue of police racism, generally in the NT Police and specifically on the part of Rolfe, came within the scope of the inquest, along with Rolfe’s allegedly violent practices towards Aboriginal people, police relations with Aboriginal people in remote communities, and the use of police weapons, especially firearms.

    The inquest has been a litmus test for racism in police forces. The Yuendumu community has sought findings of racism and recommendations to redress this wicked problem, including disciplinary action for racist and violent police officers.

    Walker’s family has called for

    • funding from prisons and police to be reinvested in Aboriginal community-led supports
    • the disarming of police in remote communities
    • the banning of police force and discriminatory practices
    • respect for self-determination in Yuendumu.

    The North Australian Aboriginal Justice Agency (NAAJA) also argued for independent and robust police accountability mechanisms.

    The inquest was originally due to conclude in December 2022, but was substantially delayed based on a number of applications and appeals from Rolfe.

    Rolfe requested for Coroner Armitage to remove herself from the inquest based on perceived bias against him. He also refused to give evidence to the inquest, on the basis that his evidence would implicate him. Multiple appeals to higher courts were unsuccessful but time-consuming.

    Walker’s family expressed concerns that the significant delays in the inquest have been detrimental to their plight.

    A fortnight before the inquest findings were due to be delivered, another young Warlpiri man, 24-year-old Kumanjayi White from Yuendumu, was killed by police in May 2024. This set back the findings and reopened wounds endured by the Yuendumu community. Once again, the community has had to remobilise to campaign for justice. It has added to the sentiment of the community, which was expressed by Kumanjayi White’s grandfather Ned Jampijinpa Hargraves: “we do not trust police”.

    What did the inquest reveal?

    This inquest, more than any other in recent history, has put into sharp relief the violence of the police force. It received evidence of text messages in which Rolfe described Aboriginal people as “neanderthals who drink too much alcohol” and referred to Aboriginal people as “coon”.

    Footage was shown of Rolfe’s use of violence towards Aboriginal people. Forty-six incidents of violence, including punching Aboriginal people and rendering them unconscious, had been recorded between 2016 and 2019. Some of these attacks were the subject of professional standards and legal complaints. The inquest heard of the failure of police and prosecutors to investigate.

    However, the racism was not confined to Rolfe. Evidence of a culture of racism disclosed that it was endemic up to the highest levels. There was “normalised” and widespread use of racist language towards Aboriginal people, including use of the “n-word”.

    Rolfe provided evidence of the police annual racist awards (“Coon of the Year”) and officers who would describe a pub that Aboriginal people attended as the “animal bar”.

    The fact a white police officer, Rolfe, disclosed the racism gave it a legitimacy and widespread coverage that the Yuendumu community was unable to garner.

    The inquest identified issues with the substantial recruitment of former Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel to the NT Police. Rolfe, who served in Afghanistan, gave evidence he was trained by the ADF to dehumanise the “enemy”.

    The inquest also heard that NT police officers who had served in the ADF were twice as likely to draw a firearm than non-ADF police officers. This use of force raised important questions around police recruitment.

    Leanne Liddle, who at the time was director of the NT government’s Aboriginal Justice Unit and conducted consultations across remote communities on criminal justice, gave evidence to the inquest that racism in the police was “systemic”.

    Findings and recommendations

    The findings of the coroner have identified acts of racism but have not delivered a crushing blow to racial violence in the NT Police. The recommendations do not seek to transform the force’s practices or dilute its powers.

    The coroner’s starting point in her findings delivered at Yuendumu was that police should be able to “defend themselves” against “serious attacks”. Coroner Armitage acknowledged the “stress” endured by Rolfe and his family along with the trauma of Walker’s family.

    While evidence before the inquest identified Rolfe’s days of planning around Walker’s forceful arrest, the coroner first considered Walker’s conduct, upbringing and circumstances that led to his death. The coroner did not give attention to the privilege of Rolfe’s background and how this may have contributed to his treatment of Aboriginal people in central Australia, including Walker.

    The coroner made some key findings:

    • Racism was “normalised” in the Alice Springs police station, including on the part of Rolfe. Racism “could have” contributed to Rolfe’s shooting of Walker. The coroner stopped short of finding systemic racism in NT Police due to the “modest amount of evidence on racism” across the police force. Arguably this inquest heard the most substantial evidence of institutional police racism in the history of inquests into deaths in custody. She determined that a separate inquiry into systemic racism was required given that the NT Police force had “significant hallmarks of institutional racism”.

    • The coroner also noted Alice Springs police officers are on the “receiving end” of racist comments from Aboriginal people.

    • Police racism, according to the coroner, existed because the officers are overwhelmingly dealing with Aboriginal people on a “negative” basis.

    • Rolfe used excessive force in his career as a police officer, and due to his dehumanisation of Aboriginal arrestees, had created a dangerous situation on November 9.

    • Ultimately, Walker’s death in custody arose from Rolfe’s “flawed decisions”.

    • Since Walker’s death in custody, NT Police have undertaken “significant changes”.

    The coroner’s recommendations are:

    • NT Police should strengthen its anti-racism strategy and publicly report on compliance
    • Mutual respect agreements should be developed between NT Police and Yuendumu
    • The NT government should enhance support for the Yuendumu community night patrol, youth services, mediators, and diversion and rehabilitation programs
    • NT Police should engage directly with Yuendumu leadership groups to discuss concerns, including when it would be appropriate for police not to carry firearms.

    Where to from here?

    The almost six years since the shooting of Kumanjayi Walker have not delivered on Chief Minister Michael Gunner’s promise that “consequences would flow”.

    The inquest findings do not bring the community any closer to consequences. There was no disciplinary action recommended for any officer involved in Walker’s death. The coroner also did not recommend consequences for police with a history of using force against Aboriginal people, or those who have expressed racist attitudes or behaved in racist ways.

    To date, Rolfe, or Adam Erbel who was restraining Walker at the time of the shooting, have not apologised for Walker’s death.

    The coroner also did not set down recommendations that had consequence for NT Police. These might have included reconstituting the force to make it community-oriented, relying less on force and not carrying firearms in remote communities, or redirecting funds to NT Aboriginal remote community-controlled law and justice groups.

    Even the modest recommendations that were made may not see the light of day in government policy or police practice. There is no legally enforceable obligation for governments and agencies to implement coronial recommendations, despite the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody recommending governments routinely adopt inquest recommendations and report on their implementation.

    The NT government has stipulated that it decides which coronial recommendations to accept. The implementation of coronial recommendations in the NT has a sordid history.

    In a climate of expanding police numbers and powers in the NT, with an additional 200 police being recruited to add to the already highest police ratio in the country, Aboriginal deaths in custody will continue to happen. This was the clarion call of the royal commission: more police and police powers will result in more deaths in custody.

    Walker’s is one of the 598 deaths since the royal commission, and the brutal circumstances of his death show little has changed. The coronial recommendations fall short of calling for the structural overhaul demanded by Aboriginal families and advocates, to eradicate police racial violence from the lives of Aboriginal people in the NT.

    Thalia Anthony receives funding from the Australian Research Council.

    Eddie Cubillo does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. Kumanjayi Walker inquest: racism and violence, but findings too little and too late – https://theconversation.com/kumanjayi-walker-inquest-racism-and-violence-but-findings-too-little-and-too-late-257636

    MIL OSI Analysis – EveningReport.nz –

  • MIL-OSI Analysis: Cape Town’s sewage treatment isn’t coping: scientists are worried about what the city is telling the public

    Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Lesley Green, Professor of Earth Politics and Director: Environmental Humanities South, University of Cape Town

    Urban water bodies – rivers, lakes and oceans – are in trouble globally. Large sewage volumes damage the open environment, and new chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds don’t break down on their own. When they are released into the open environment, they build up in living tissues all along the food chain, bringing with them multiple health risks.

    The city of Cape Town, South Africa, is no exception. It has 300km of coastline along two bays and a peninsula, as well as multiple rivers and wetlands. The city discharges more than 40 megalitres of raw sewage directly into the Atlantic Ocean every day. In addition, large volumes of poorly treated sewage and runoff from shack settlements enter rivers and from there into both the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans.

    Over almost a decade, our multi-disciplinary team, and others, have studied contamination risks in Cape Town’s oceans, rivers, aquifers and lakes. Our goal has been to bring evidence of contaminants to the attention of officials responsible for a clean environment.

    Monitoring sewage levels in the city’s water bodies is essential because of the health risks posed by contaminated water to all citizens – farmers, surfers, and everybody eating fish and vegetables. Monitoring needs to be done scientifically and in a way that produces data that is trustworthy and not driven by vested interests. This is a challenge in cities where scientific findings are expected to support marketing of tourism or excellence of the political administration.

    Our research findings have been published in multiple peer-reviewed journals. We have also communicated with the public through articles in the media, a website and a documentary.

    Cape Town’s official municipal responses to independent studies and reports, however, have been hostile. Our work has been unjustifiably denounced by top city officials and politicians. We have been subject to attacks by fake social media avatars. Laboratory studies have even received a demand for an apology from the political party in charge of the city.

    These extraordinary responses – and many others – reflect the extent to which independent scientific inquiry has been under attack.

    We set about tracking the different kinds of denial and attacks on independent contaminant science in Cape Town over 11 years. Our recently published study describes 18 different types of science communication that have minimised or denied the problem of contamination. It builds on similar studies elsewhere.

    Our findings show the extent to which contaminant science in Cape Town is at risk of producing not public knowledge but public ignorance, reflecting similar patterns internationally where science communication sometimes obfuscates more than it informs. To address this risk, we argue that institutionalised conflicts of interest should be removed. There should also be changes to how city-funded testing is done and when data is released to citizens. After all, it is citizens’ rates and taxes that have paid for that testing, and the South African constitution guarantees the right to information.

    We also propose that the city’s political leaders take the courageous step of accepting that the current water treatment infrastructure is unworkable for a city of over 5 million people. Accepting this would open the door to an overhaul of the city’s approach to wastewater treatment.

    The way forward

    We divided our study of contaminant communication events into four sub-categories:

    • non-disclosure of data

    • misinformation that gives a partial or misleading account of a scientific finding

    • using city-funded science to bolster political authority

    • relying on point data collected fortnightly to prove “the truth” of bodies of water as if it never moves or changes, when in reality, water bodies move every second of every day.

    We found evidence of multiple instances of miscommunication. On the basis of these, we make specific recommendations.

    First: municipalities should address conflicts of interest that are built into their organisational structure. These arise when the people responsible for ensuring that water bodies are healthy are simultaneously contracting consultants to conduct research on water contaminants. This is particularly important because over the last two decades large consultancies have established themselves as providers of scientific certification. But they are profit-making ventures, which calls into question the independence of their findings.

    Second: the issue of data release needs to be addressed. Two particular problems stand out:

    • Real-time information. Water quality results for beaches are usually released a week or more after samples have been taken. But because water moves all the time every day, people living in the city need real-time information. Best-practice water contamination measures use water current models to predict where contaminated water will be, given each day’s different winds and temperatures.

    • Poor and incomplete data. When ocean contaminant data is released as a 12-month rolling average, all the very high values are smoothed out. The end result is a figure that does not communicate the reality of risks under different conditions.

    Third: Politicians should be accountable for their public statements on science. Independent and authoritative scientific bodies, such as the Academy of Science of South Africa, should be empowered to audit municipal science communications.

    Fourth: Reputational harm to the science community must stop. Government officials claiming that they alone know a scientific truth and denouncing independent scientists with other data closes down the culture of scientific inquiry. And it silences others.

    Fifth: The integrity of scientific findings needs to be protected. Many cities, including Cape Town, rely on corporate brand management and political reputation management. Nevertheless, cities, by their very nature, have to deal with sewage, wastes and runoff. Public science communication that is based on marketing strategies prioritises advancing a brand (whether of a political party or a tourist destination). The risk is that city-funded science is turned into advertising and is presented as unquestionable.

    Finally, Cape Town needs political leaders who are courageous enough to confront two evident realities. Current science communications in the city are not serving the public well, and wastewater treatment systems that use rivers and oceans as open sewers are a solution designed a century ago. Both urgently need to be reconfigured.

    Next steps

    As a team of independent contaminant researchers we have worked alongside communities where health, ecology, livestock and recreation have been profoundly harmed by ongoing contamination. We have documented these effects, only to hear the evidence denied by officials.

    We recognise and value the beginnings of some new steps to data transparency in Cape Town’s mayoral office, like rescinding the 2021 by-law that banned independent scientific testing of open water bodies, almost all of which are classified as nature reserves.

    We would welcome a dialogue on building strong and credible public science communications.

    This study is dedicated to the memory of Mpharu Hloyi, head of Scientific Services in the City of Cape Town, in acknowledgement of her dedication to the health of urban bodies of water. Her untimely passing was a loss for all.

    This article also drew on Masters theses written by Melissa Zackon and Amy Beukes.

    Lesley Green has received funding from the Science for Africa Foundation; the Seed Box MISTRA Formas Environmental Humanities Collaboratory; and the Science For Africa Foundation’s DELTAS Africa II program (Del:22-010).

    Cecilia Yejide Ojemaye receives funding from the University of Cape Town Carnegie DEAL Sustainable Development Goals Research Fellowship and the National Research Foundation for the SanOcean grant from the South Africa‐Norway Cooperation on Ocean Research (UID 118754).

    Leslie Petrik received funding from National Research Foundation for the SanOcean grant from the South Africa‐Norway Cooperation on Ocean Research (UID 118754) for this study.

    Nikiwe Solomon received funding at different stages for PhD research from the Water Research Commission (WRC) and National Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS), in collaboration with the South African Humanities Deans Association (SAHUDA). Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the WRC, NIHSS and SAHUDA.

    Jo Barnes and Vanessa Farr do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. Cape Town’s sewage treatment isn’t coping: scientists are worried about what the city is telling the public – https://theconversation.com/cape-towns-sewage-treatment-isnt-coping-scientists-are-worried-about-what-the-city-is-telling-the-public-260317

    MIL OSI Analysis –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: how to submit documents and enter a university

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Peoples’Friendship University of Russia –

    An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

    RUDN will provide 72 grants for free education to talented applicants

    Admission to a university is a step towards professional specialization, academic growth and career prospects. To support strong and motivated graduates, RUDN will provide 72 grants for free education in 2025.

    RUDN and the Kosmos Hospitality Academy have launched a joint project-based master’s degree program to train personnel for the hospitality and tourism industry

    A new joint educational model was presented at the International Tourism Forum “Travel!” at VDNKh. Anna Ostrovskaya, Director of the Higher School of Management at RUDN, and Anna Kuvaitseva, Vice President of Cosmos Group and CEO of ANO “Cosmos Hospitality Academy”, spoke at a strategic meeting of the National Expert Council and talked about an innovative model for training specialists for the tourism industry using the example of the project-based Master’s program “Hotel Complex Management”.

    Admissions Campaign 2025: Useful to Know

    The admissions campaign starts on June 20. In which areas are there more budget places, what you need to know about the features of submitting documents this year and what new educational programs are available for RUDN applicants this year – we tell you below.

    Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    .

    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Europe: Resignations and Appointments

    Source: The Holy See

    Resignation and Appointment of bishop of Alotau-Sideia, Papua New Guinea
    Appointment of bishop of Wabag, Papua New Guinea
    Appointment of bishop of Groningen-Leeuwarden, Netherlands
     
    Resignation and Appointment of bishop of Alotau-Sideia, Papua New Guinea
    The Holy Father has accepted the resignation from the pastoral care of the diocese of Alotau-Sideia, Papua New Guinea, presented by Bishop Rolando Crisostomo Santos, C.M.
    The Holy Father has appointed the Reverend Fr. Jacek Piotr Tendej, C.M., until now rector of Holy Spirit , Bomana, Port Moresby, as bishop of Alotau-Sideia, Papua New Guinea.
    Curriculum vitae
    Msgr. Jacek Piotr Tendej, C.M., was born on 26 June 1963 in Handzlówka, Łańcut, Poland. After giving his perpetual vows in the Congregation of the Mission (Vincentians), he was awarded a master’s degree in moral theology from the Pontifical Academy of Theology of Krakow, a licentiate in science of education from the Salesian Pontifical University of Rome, and a doctorate in pedagogy from the Akademia Pedagogiczma im. Kaomisji Edukacji Narodowej of Krakow.
    He was ordained a priest on 25 May 1991.
    He has held the following offices: teacher in elementary schools in Zakopane, Poland (1991-1995), high school teacher in Krakow, Poland (1995-1997), teacher and chaplain in St. Stanislaus Kostka , Brooklyn, New York, United States of America (2000), youth educator at the Fr. Siemaszko Foundation , Krakow (2001-2002), lecturer in science of education at the Theological Institute of the Pontifical John Paul II University of Krakow (2001-2003).
    Since 2014, he has held the role of rector of the Holy Spirit Seminary in Bomana, Port Moresby.
     
    Appointment of bishop of Wabag, Papua New Guinea
    The Holy Father has appointed Bishop Justin Ain Soongie, until now auxiliary bishop and diocesan administrator of Wabag, Papua New Guinea, as bishop of the same see, at the same time liberating him from the titular see of Forma.
    Curriculum vitae
    Bishop Justin Ain Soongie was born on 2 June 1973 in Tsikiro, Papua New Guinea. He carried out his postulate and novitiate with the Brothers of Charity, continuing his formation ad presbiteratum at the Good Shepherd Seminary Fatima in Banz, and at the Catholic Theological Institute in Bomana. He obtained a licentiate in moral theology from the Pontifical Urbaniana University of Rome.
    He was ordained a priest on 11 May 2005.
    He has held the following offices: deputy parish priest in Tsikiro (2005) and in Mang and Mariant (2005-2006), parish priest in Mang (2006-2011), vicar general of the diocese ofWabag (2014-2021), lecturer at the Seminary of Banz in the archdicoese of Mount Hagen (2014-2021), and parish priest in Sari (2014-2021).
    On 15 June 2021 he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Wabag, receiving the titular see of Forma; on the following 2 September he received episcopal consecration.
    Since 2025 he has been diocesan administrator of Wabag.
     
    Appointment of bishop of Groningen-Leeuwarden, Netherlands
    The Holy Father has appointed the Reverend Ronald Gerhardus Wilhelmus Cornelissen, of the clergy of the metropolitan archdiocese of Utrecht, until now episcopal vicar, as bishop of Groningen-Leeuwarden, Netherlands.
    Curriculum vitae
    Msgr. Ronald Gerhardus Wilhelmus Cornelissen was born on 12 December 1964 in Gaanderen, in the metropolitan archdiocese of Utrecht. He studied theology at the Ariënskonvikt of Utrecht.
    He was ordained a priest on 19 October 1996 for the metropolitan archdiocese of Utrecht. He has carried out his pastoral ministry in various parishes in Deventer, Raalte and Rijssen. Since 2009 he has been episcopal vicar for Deventer.

    MIL OSI Europe News –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: Green energy from industrial emissions: Polytechnic University creates biohydrogen production technology

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University –

    An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

    The Institute of Civil Engineering at SPbPU has created an environmentally sustainable technology based on microalgae that allows the utilization of carbon dioxide from industrial emissions and the production of biohydrogen, a promising renewable fuel. The results of the study were published in the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, and the technology is described in the material onon the RIA Novosti website.

    The development was carried out under the supervision of Natalia Politaeva, professor at the Higher School of Hydraulic and Power Engineering. The technology involves the use of bioponds, where microalgae absorb carbon dioxide, forming biomass, which is then subjected to dark fermentation to obtain biohydrogen.

    The fuel produced in this way can be used in cars, hydrogen fuel cells or to generate electricity and heat. Implementation of the technology in coal power plants will help reduce the harm from carbon dioxide emissions and increase the energy efficiency of enterprises.

    The advantage of the technology is that it combines three functions: carbon dioxide capture, biomass processing and hydrogen production. This makes the system unique in terms of its closed nature and sustainability. Scientists plan to improve the technology after pilot implementation at an industrial facility.

    Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    .

    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI China: Naval fleet led by Shandong aircraft carrier visit wins praise in Hong Kong 2025-07-06 17:43:03 A fleet of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Navy led by the aircraft carrier Shandong made its first visit to Hong Kong, a move widely seen as not only a demonstration of military strength but also a step toward deepening ties between Hong Kong and the mainland.

    Source: People’s Republic of China – Ministry of National Defense

    People visit the Yuncheng missile frigate in Hong Kong, south China, July 5, 2025. A fleet of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Navy led by the aircraft carrier Shandong arrived in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) on Thursday morning, kicking off a five-day visit. The aircraft carrier and the Yan’an missile destroyer were anchored near the west end of the Victoria Harbor, while the Zhanjiang missile destroyer and the Yuncheng missile frigate docked at the PLA Hong Kong Garrison’s naval base in Stonecutters Island. This is the Shandong’s first visit to Hong Kong. From Friday to Sunday, the Shandong, the Zhanjiang and the Yuncheng will host open tours, lectures, drill demonstrations and other exchange activities. (Photo by Huang Qiantian/Xinhua)

    HONG KONG, July 5 (Xinhua) — A fleet of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Navy led by the aircraft carrier Shandong made its first visit to Hong Kong, a move widely seen as not only a demonstration of military strength but also a step toward deepening ties between Hong Kong and the mainland.

    The naval fleet, comprising the aircraft carrier Shandong, the Yan’an missile destroyer, the Zhanjiang missile destroyer, and the Yuncheng missile frigate, arrived in Hong Kong on Thursday to begin a five-day visit.

    On the day the naval fleet arrived, hundreds — if not thousands — of Hong Kong residents gathered along the shore to watch. Local media rushed to cover the story.

    Chief executive of China’s Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) John Lee said that both the steadfast presence of the PLA garrison in Hong Kong and the cordial visit by the modernized naval fleet have made the “Pearl of the Orient” shine brighter, reflecting the country’s ability and determination in safeguarding peace, while allowing Hong Kong, under “one country, two systems,” to continue to play its part in the nation’s development.

    Chief Secretary for Administration of the HKSAR government Chan Kwok-ki attended the deck reception on the Shandong aircraft carrier. He believed the visit by the naval fleet allowed the wider public in Hong Kong to witness the strength of the country’s military and would help enhance students’ sense of national identity and pride.

    Deputy Chief Secretary for Administration of the HKSAR government Cheuk Wing-hing shared on social media that he toured the ski-jump flight deck, arresting cables, carrier-based fighter jets, and helicopters aboard the Shandong.

    “The rapid progress of our country’s national defense is truly remarkable,” Cheuk said. “I am deeply moved and feel proud of our nation.”

    The Shandong aircraft carrier was open to the public for visits. Starry Lee, a member of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee, said that this allowed people to experience firsthand the remarkable achievements of the country’s naval modernization, and held significant meaning in fostering a stronger sense of patriotism in Hong Kong society.

    Friday was the first open day of the fleet’s visit to Hong Kong, with a focus on student visitors. More than 10,000 visits were made aboard the Shandong, Zhanjiang, and Yuncheng ships.

    “My ancestral home is Shandong. When I first stepped onto the deck, I couldn’t help but cry. Our country has truly become strong!” a lecturer at Hong Kong Metropolitan University surnamed Wong said.

    Some secondary school students from Macao were organized by their schools to travel to Hong Kong for the visit. They happily toured the ships while taking photos with their smartphones to share with classmates who missed the visit. They said that boarding the warships was more than just a visit; it allowed them to witness the long history of China and the country’s remarkable progress.

    Seeing the modern carrier-based fighter jets and the spirited, high-morale crew aboard the vessels left a deep impression on Paul Chan, financial secretary of the HKSAR government.

    Chan said that the visit by the naval fleet fully reflected the country’s deep affection for Hong Kong. “A strong nation must have a strong military, and our country’s navy will only grow stronger,” he remarked.

    “Stepping aboard the domestically built aircraft carrier Shandong and standing on the deck of this steel giant filled me with excitement,” Jeffrey Lam, a member of the Executive Council of the HKSAR, said.

    Just as the Shandong sailed forward with strength and determination, Hong Kong, with the support of the country, will surely overcome all challenges and continue to enjoy prosperity and stability, Lam added.

    People visit the Zhanjiang missile destroyer in Hong Kong, south China, July 5, 2025.

    A fleet of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Navy led by the aircraft carrier Shandong arrived in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) on Thursday morning, kicking off a five-day visit.

    The aircraft carrier and the Yan’an missile destroyer were anchored near the west end of the Victoria Harbor, while the Zhanjiang missile destroyer and the Yuncheng missile frigate docked at the PLA Hong Kong Garrison’s naval base in Stonecutters Island.

    This is the Shandong’s first visit to Hong Kong. From Friday to Sunday, the Shandong, the Zhanjiang and the Yuncheng will host open tours, lectures, drill demonstrations and other exchange activities. (Photo by Huang Qiantian/Xinhua)

    MIL OSI China News –

  • MIL-OSI China: Xi replies to U.S. youth pickleball cultural exchange delegation over China visit 2025-07-06 20:08:24 Chinese President Xi Jinping has recently replied to teachers and students of the U.S. youth pickleball cultural exchange delegation from Montgomery County, Maryland, who have visited China under the initiative of inviting 50,000 young Americans to China for exchange and study programs in a five-year span.

    Source: People’s Republic of China – Ministry of National Defense

      BEIJING, July 6 (Xinhua) — Chinese President Xi Jinping has recently replied to teachers and students of the U.S. youth pickleball cultural exchange delegation from Montgomery County, Maryland, who have visited China under the initiative of inviting 50,000 young Americans to China for exchange and study programs in a five-year span.

      Xi congratulated the delegation on its successful visit to China, saying he was pleased to see that pickleball has become a new bond for youth exchanges between China and the United States.

      The future of China-U.S. relations depends on the youth, said Xi, expressing the hope that the delegation members will become a new generation of ambassadors for friendship between the two countries and make greater contributions to enhancing the friendship between the two peoples.

      Earlier, the teachers and students of the delegation sent a letter to Xi, expressing their gratitude for the “50,000 in Five Years” initiative he put forward.

      They shared their experience of visiting China and engaging in pickleball exchange activities in April, saying that they forged unforgettable friendships with Chinese youths during the trip.

      They expressed their hope to invite Chinese young people to visit the United States. 

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    MIL OSI China News –

  • MIL-OSI China: Remembering Lugou Bridge Incident, uncovering true history of Japan’s long-planned invasion of China

    Source: People’s Republic of China – State Council News

    Remembering Lugou Bridge Incident, uncovering true history of Japan’s long-planned invasion of China

    Monday marks the 88th anniversary of the beginning of China’s whole-nation resistance war against Japanese aggression. However, 88 years later, the truth of the historic Lugou Bridge Incident, which marked the start of Japan’s full-scale invasion of China, still has not been recorded in Japanese textbooks.

    “In July 1937, the Japanese and Chinese armies clashed at the Lugou Bridge on the outskirts of Beijing, and the Sino-Japanese War broke out.” This is the description of the historic Lugou Bridge Incident in some school textbooks currently published in Japan.

    Another one goes: “On July 7, 1937, the Japanese army was fired upon by unknown gunmen during a night exercise near the Lugou Bridge on the outskirts of Beijing. At dawn on the 8th, the Japanese army attacked the positions of the National Revolutionary Army, and the two sides fell into battle.”

    Historical materials, nevertheless, show that it was the Japanese soldiers who, on July 7, 1937, attacked Chinese forces at the bridge. The pivotal event is recognized as the start of Japan’s full-scale invasion of China and China’s whole-nation resistance against the Japanese invaders.

    “The Lugou Bridge Incident was an event staged and directed by the invading Japanese forces. This has long been made clear by the Japanese historian community through objective research. Despite this, the Japanese right wing still fabricates lies and attempts to shift the blame for the incident to the Chinese army,” said Japanese historian Atsushi Koketsu in a recent interview with Xinhua.

    “At present, this kind of historical revisionism that fabricates, distorts and denies the true history still prevails in Japan’s education and media circles. What lies behind this is Japan’s unwillingness to admit its aggression and reluctance to accept its ‘responsibility for harm,’” Koketsu said.

    “The Lugou Bridge Incident was deliberately schemed by the invading Japanese army,” said Zhang Sheng, professor at the School of History, Nanjing University. “This has already been ‘confessed’ by Takeo Imai, a senior Japanese intelligence officer who led ‘peace work’ in China, in his memoir.”

    In his memoir, Imai wrote: “At that time, before the July 7 incident, a rumor had already been circulating among the well-informed political figures in Tokyo: ‘On the night of Tanabata, an incident similar to that at Liutiaohu will occur in North China.’”

    The so-called Liutiaohu Incident is the September 18th Incident. On Sept. 18, 1931, Japanese troops blew up a section of railway under their control near Shenyang and accused Chinese troops of sabotage as a pretext for the attack. Later that night, they bombarded barracks near Shenyang, marking the start of Japan’s 14-year invasion of China.

    “The Japanese Tanabata Festival takes place on July 7,” said Zhang, “therefore, this date had been set for a long time.”

    Luo Cunkang, curator of the Museum of the War of Chinese People’s Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, pointed out that historical files show that from February to June 1936, “the China Garrison Army” dispatched by Japan to Beijing increased from 2,003 to 5,774 people. In just four months, the number more than doubled, which clearly demonstrates their intention to deliberately provoke conflicts.

    It has been 88 years since the outbreak of Japan’s full-scale invasion of China. True history should not be concealed, let alone distorted. Remembering true history is necessary to draw lessons from it and to cherish peace. 

    MIL OSI China News –

  • MIL-OSI Asia-Pac: Secondary One places allocation results to be released tomorrow

    Source: Hong Kong Government special administrative region – 4

         The Education Bureau (EDB) today (July 7) reminded parents that the results for Secondary School Places Allocation (SSPA) 2025 (including results at the discretionary places (DP) and central allocation (CA) stages) will be announced tomorrow (July 8).
     
    SSPA allocation results
    ————————————
     
         A total of 48 011 students participated in the SSPA System for this allocation cycle. Based on the total number of students allocated DP and the first three choices through CA, the overall satisfaction rate is 95 per cent. According to the number of students allocated DP and the first choice through CA, the satisfaction rate is 85 per cent.
     
         The respective satisfaction rates for DP and CA are:
     
    * Among the students allocated DP, 68 per cent were allocated the first choice; and
     
    * For students allocated through CA (including Part A for Unrestricted School Choices and Part B for Restricted School Choices), 91 per cent of students were allocated the first three choices and 74 per cent were allocated the first choice.
     
         The EDB hopes that parents and students accept the allocation results with a positive attitude. The learning effectiveness of students does not hinge merely on the schools to which they are allocated but rather on whether students have a proactive mindset in learning. It is important for parents to continue to support and encourage their children, and avoid burdening them with their own expectations.
     
    Announcement of allocation results
    ——————————————————
     
         All Primary Six students participating in this year’s SSPA System should return to their school tomorrow to collect the Allocation Slip and Admission Slip. Parents can obtain the allocation results by the following means:
     

    1. Parents who have registered as the SSPA e-platform (eSSPA) users with “iAM Smart” or “iAM Smart+” (www.iamsmart.gov.hk/en/reg.html) may also view their children’s allocation results via the eSSPA starting from 10am on the same day; and
    2. Parents who have provided a mobile phone number on the Secondary One Choice of Schools Form to indicate their consent to receiving the result via the number will also receive the result regarding their children via SMS message starting from around 10am tomorrow.

     
         Please refer to the series of related videos and the Parent’s Guide on the bureau’s homepage (www.edb.gov.hk/en/edu-system/primary-secondary/spa-systems/secondary-spa/general-info/sspa_eplatform_parents_guide.html) for details on creating and logging into an eSSPA account, as well as viewing the allocation results via the eSSPA.
     
    Completion of registration procedure
    ———————————————————
     
         All students must report to the allocated secondary schools this Thursday or Friday (July 10 or 11) for registration. In case neither the students nor their parents or guardians are able to return to the school and collect the Allocation Slip and Admission Slip in person, the parents or guardians should authorise a representative in writing in advance to collect the documents and complete the registration procedure on their behalf.
     
         Should any parent or guardian have genuine difficulties in collecting the Admission Slip and registering with the allocated school personally or through an authorised representative, he or she should inform the schools concerned or the School Places Allocation Section of the EDB before the end of the registration period so that alternative arrangements for registration can be made. Failure to do so will be taken as giving up the place allocated.
     
    Arrangements under inclement weather
    ————————————————————
     
         In case of inclement weather or other special circumstances on the day for announcement of the allocation results or on the days for registration, all schools and parents should pay attention to announcements on radio or television for special arrangements for announcing the allocation results or registration.
     
    Enquiries
    —————
     
         For enquiries about the allocation results, students and parents may call the School Places Allocation Section of the EDB on 2832 7740 and 2832 7700 during office hours.

    MIL OSI Asia Pacific News –

  • MIL-OSI Asia-Pac: HKCPEC held Model PECC-cum-Award Presentation Ceremony for HKCPEC Youth Programme (with photos)

    Source: Hong Kong Government special administrative region – 4

    The following is issued on behalf of the Hong Kong Committee for Pacific Economic Cooperation:

         The Model PECC-cum-Award Presentation Ceremony for the Hong Kong Committee for Pacific Economic Cooperation (HKCPEC) Youth Programme (Youth Programme) 2024/2025 – “Model PECC – Innovating through Youth Voices”, co-organised by the HKCPEC and the Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups (HKFYG) Leadership Institute, was successfully held today (July 6) at the HKFYG Leadership Institute in Fanling. The Chairman of the HKCPEC, Professor Tam Kar-yan, and the Director-General of Trade and Industry, Mr Aaron Liu, were the officiating guests at the Award Presentation Ceremony.

         In his opening remarks, Professor Tam depicted that this year marked the tenth edition of Youth Programme held by the HKCPEC. This year’s Programme enabled students to engage in discussions on issues related to economic development in the Asia-Pacific region in a model Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) meeting setting, as well as motivating them to think creatively and contribute meaningfully to regional economic co-operation dialogues. 

    In his speech, Mr Liu expressed his appreciation for HKCPEC to continue organising the Youth Programme this year, as youth development is one of the priorities of the current term Government. Against the backdrop of a complicated and ever-changing global economic landscape, the Programme provided an opportunity for the younger generation in Hong Kong to deepen their understanding on issues in regional economic co-operation. He also encouraged the students to seize the opportunity to participate in the activities relating to regional economic co-operation in preparation for their future development in the society.

         The theme of this year’s Youth Programme is “Model PECC – Innovating through Youth Voices”, which attracted over 190 secondary students in 74 teams from 46 secondary schools to take part. Participating secondary school students took part in a series of nurturing activities since March, including seminars, workshops and a 24-hour case study, to deepen their understanding on regional economic development and co-operation. In the Model PECC held yesterday (July 5) and today, each of the 11 shortlisted teams was assigned to represent one of the PECC Member Committees to conduct research and develop policy recommendations on a designated topic, and to present their findings and policy recommendations under a simulated setting of PECC Meeting.

    The team formed by Valerie Shek from the Independent Schools Foundation Academy, Adrian Wong and Nika Zhang from Hong Kong International School was awarded the Champion of the competition whereas team from SKH Lam Woo Memorial Secondary School was the first runner-up. Two teams from Maryknoll Convent School (Secondary Section) and Pui Ching Middle School were awarded the second runners-up. Adrian Wong from Hong Kong International School, Ling Man Yin from Maryknoll Convent School (Secondary Section) and Yu Ka Yu from Wa Ying College were awarded the Best Speakers Awards.

         The HKCPEC Youth Programme aims at advancing young people’s understanding on regional economic development as well as the role and contributions of Hong Kong in economic and trade development in the Asia-Pacific region; and broadening their knowledge, developing their analytical skills and encouraging their strategic thinking in the process.

         The HKCPEC (www.hkcpec.org) was established in March 1990 to co-ordinate Hong Kong, China’s participation in the PECC. In line with the nature of the PECC, the composition of the HKCPEC is tripartite, comprising members from the Government, the business sector and academia.

         The PECC is a non-governmental organisation set up in 1980 to develop closer co-operation in trade and economic issues among economies in the region. Currently, the PECC has 24 member committees, of which 21 are full members. For details, please visit the PECC’s website at www.pecc.org.

    MIL OSI Asia Pacific News –

  • MIL-OSI Asia-Pac: Customs YES organises summer cultural and historical study tour to Beijing (with photos)

    Source: Hong Kong Government special administrative region – 4

        To commemorate the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Customs YES organised a summer cultural and historical study tour to Beijing from July 2 to 6. Fifty members of the Foot Drill and Flag Party of the Customs Youth Leader Corps joined the tour to explore the country’s history, culture, development, and achievements.
     
        In the early morning of July 3, the Deputy Commissioner (Control and Enforcement) of Customs and Excise, Mr Mark Woo, along with members of the Executive Committee and the Honorary Presidents’ Association of Customs YES, led the delegation to witness the flag-raising ceremony at Tiananmen Square. They later interacted with the National Flag Guard Unit of People’s Liberation Army Ceremonial Escort Battalion to learn about professional ceremonial standards and flag-guarding etiquette.
     
        On the same day, the delegation visited the Museum of the Communist Party of China to understand the history of martyrs uniting against the enemy to protect the country. Afterwards, the members visited the Beijing Shichahai Sports School, where they interacted with national badminton athletes, Ms Huang Yaqiong and Mr Liu Yuchen.
     
        On July 4 and 5, the delegation visited the China Academy of Aerospace Electronics Technology to learn about the Beidou Navigation Satellite System, and to discover the country’s achievements in fields such as manned spaceflight, lunar and mars exploration and unmanned aircraft system. In addition, they visited the Juyongguan Great Wall to learn about its significant military and historical value. At the Palace Museum and the China Customs Museum, the participants had the opportunity to study the country’s history and culture, as well as the development of the General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China.
     
        On the last day of the trip (July 6), the delegation toured POP Land to gain insights into successful experiences in cultural and creative industries and the importance of protecting intellectual property rights.
     
        During the tour, the delegation explored several Beijing landmarks, including Qianmen Street, and the scenic avenue outside the Water Cube and the National Stadium.
     
        This study tour received partial funding from the Home Affairs and Youth Affairs Bureau and the Youth Development Commission. It is also one of the annual activities of the Tour to the Motherland for a Hundred Youth organised by Hong Kong Customs during the summer holiday. Looking ahead, Customs YES will organise more exchange activities to promote youth development and nurture a new generation with a sense of national identity and national pride.

    MIL OSI Asia Pacific News –

  • MIL-OSI: Ambow Unveils HybriU Knowledge Capture: Securing Organizational Knowledge for the Future

    Source: GlobeNewswire (MIL-OSI)

    CUPERTINO, Calif., July 07, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Ambow Education Holding Ltd. (NYSE American: AMBO), a leading global provider of AI-driven education and collaboration technology, today announced the launch of HybriU Knowledge Capture, a strategic expansion of the Company’s award-winning HybriU platform—originally developed for education environments—now adapted to help enterprises preserve critical knowledge, retain proprietary institutional expertise and ensure operational continuity.

    HybriU Knowledge Capture includes the HybriU AI UniBox, a portable control pad and a USB microphone. This powerful combination delivers a compact, plug-and-play system that seamlessly records and securely stores key components of corporate sessions. The system captures voice audio, electronic whiteboard content, PowerPoint presentations and collaborative discussions, whether sessions are conducted in person, remotely, or in hybrid formats. All recordings are automatically analyzed by HybriU’s AI to generate searchable summaries and key-point highlights, building a structured institutional knowledge library. Unlike standard video conferencing tools, HybriU Knowledge Capture transforms meetings, training sessions and brainstorming discussions into actionable insights and lasting organizational memory, ensuring company continuity even as teams evolve.    

    “HybriU Knowledge Capture addresses one of the most pressing challenges organizations face today: retaining knowledge to ensure day-to-day stability and future-proofing the organization, even as teams evolve,” said Dr. Jin Huang, CEO of Ambow. “By transforming every meeting, training session and collaborative discussion into a permanent, accessible resource, HybriU Knowledge Capture empowers organizations. It’s far more than recording meetings; it’s about transforming daily interactions into powerful competitive advantages, while securing company knowledge that drives innovation and long-term growth.”

    With HybriU Knowledge Capture, information is no longer lost when roles change or teams shift. Every training session, meeting and brainstorming discussion becomes a durable and searchable part of the organization’s intellectual capital.

    Key features of HybriU Knowledge Capture include:

    • Comprehensive Recording: Captures voice, PowerPoint presentations, whiteboard content and collaborative discussions, supporting both in-person and hybrid (remote + on-site) sessions.
    • AI-Generated Summaries: Automatically produces clear, accurate summaries of recorded sessions for quick review and knowledge sharing.
    • Institutional Knowledge Library: Builds a searchable, structured archive of organizational knowledge, reducing the risk of knowledge loss during staff transitions.
    • Enhanced Productivity: Enables faster onboarding, more effective training and real-time knowledge transfer across organizations.
    • Real-Time Whiteboard Collaboration: Participants can scan a QR code or click a secure link to work together on a shared digital whiteboard—on-site or remotely.
    • AI-Powered Translation: Built-in real-time translation enables seamless multilingual communication across global teams.    

    HybriU Knowledge Capture empowers teams to collaborate more effectively, accelerate training, and retain institutional expertise that fuels long-term innovation and strategic alignment across global operations.    

    Derived from Ambow’s robust HybriU Conferencing ecosystem, HybriU Knowledge Capture is now available as part of Ambow’s HybriU platform suite of products. HybriU Knowledge Capture is the first in a new wave of Ambow innovations aimed at reshaping how both educational and corporate institutions preserve, share and activate knowledge. For more information, visit www.ambow.com or www.hybriU.com.

    About Ambow Education

    Ambow Education Holding Ltd. (NYSE American: AMBO) is a global technology company pioneering AI-driven solutions for education, training and collaboration. Through its innovative HybriU platform, Ambow bridges the physical and digital worlds, empowering institutions and enterprises to redefine learning, communication and knowledge management.

    About Ambow

    Ambow Education Holding Ltd. is a U.S.-based, AI-driven technology company offering phygital (physical + digital) solutions for education, corporate conferencing and live events. Through its flagship platform, HybriU, Ambow is shaping the future of learning, collaboration and communication—delivering immersive, intelligent, real-time experiences across industries. For more information, visit Ambow’s corporate website at https://www.ambow.com/.

    Follow us on X: @Ambow_Education
    Follow us on LinkedIn: Ambow-education-group

    Safe Harbor Statement

    This press release contains statements of a forward-looking nature. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify these forward-looking statements by terminology such as “will,” “expects,” “believes,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “estimates” and similar statements. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties and are based on current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about Ambow and the industry. All information provided in this press release is as of the date hereof, and Ambow undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent occurring events or circumstances, or changes in its expectations, except as may be required by law. Although Ambow believes that the expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, it cannot assure you that its expectations will turn out to be correct, and investors are cautioned that actual results may differ materially from the anticipated results.

    For more information, please contact:

    Ambow Education Holding Ltd.
    E-mail: ir@ambow.com
    or
    Piacente Financial Communications
    Tel: +1 212 481 2050
    E-mail: ambow@tpg-ir.com

    The MIL Network –

  • MIL-OSI Africa: Liquid Intelligent Technologies South Africa’s Youth Tech Entrepreneurship Programme celebrates 20 graduates and crowns the winner of its tech start-up pitchathon

    Source: APO

    Liquid Intelligent Technologies (Liquid) (https://Liquid.Tech/), a business of Cassava Technologies, a global technology leader of African heritage, has announced that twenty young entrepreneurs have graduated from its Youth Tech Entrepreneurship Programme. The year-long programme, currently running in the Eastern Cape and North West Province, aims to address youth unemployment through advanced digital skills development and entrepreneurial support.  

    The graduates received their certificates of completion at Liquid’s head office in Johannesburg on 25 June. The event culminated in four technology start-ups pitching their businesses to a panel of industry judges. ProLink (https://apo-opa.co/44AgPrA), a digital platform for connecting users with verified contractors in Mthatha, emerged as the winning start-up, securing R100,000 in seed funding and a 12-month business support package. 

    “This programme proves the impact of investing intentionally in South Africa’s youth. By equipping young people with future-fit skills and entrepreneurial capabilities, Cassava Technologies is proud to support grassroots innovation that addresses real-world challenges. For us, it’s about empowering the country’s youth, not only to participate in the digital future, but actively shape it. Well done to all the graduates and the pitching start-ups, and congratulations to ProLink,” said Ziaad Suleman, CEO of Cassava Technologies in South Africa and Botswana.  

    The programme has already begun delivering tangible results. ProLink has created two new employment opportunities, and Okuhle Badli, COO of Otomex Innovations and founder of Nhanha Technologies, has been appointed Co-Chair for AI, Digital Innovation, Education, and Future of Work for Y20 South Africa 2025, the official youth engagement group of the G20. 

    “This graduation and pitchathon represent the unlocking of potential and the enabling of a generation of digital entrepreneurs. These young innovators are building solutions that have the potential to scale nationally and across the continent. Along with our implementation partner Deviare, Liquid South Africa is proud to provide the resources to enable this,” said Valencia Risaba, Chief Corporate Affairs Officer, Liquid Intelligent Technologies South Africa.  

    The other start-ups pitching their businesses were Otomex Innovations, which leverages AI to support mental health and well-being; The Eye of Tech, which expands access to digital skills in rural areas; and HerdTrace, a female-led agritech solution transforming livestock management.  

    Participants received MICTSETA-accredited training in artificial intelligence and software development, along with comprehensive pre-incubation support designed to translate innovative ideas into commercially viable enterprises. All the start-ups secured Azure credits via the Microsoft Founders Hub.  

    Initiatives like the Youth Tech Entrepreneurship Programme underscore Liquid South Africa’s unwavering commitment to equipping young people with the technical and business skills necessary to thrive in the digital future. As South Africa celebrates Youth Month, it also represents a firm commitment to ensure that the country’s youth can contribute meaningfully to the empowerment of themselves and their communities.  

    Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Liquid Intelligent Technologies.

    About Liquid Intelligent Technologies:
    Liquid Intelligent Technologies is a business of Cassava Technologies (Cassava), a technology company of African heritage with operations in 40-plus markets across Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America, where the Cassava group companies operate. Liquid has firmly established itself as the leading provider of pan-African digital infrastructure with a 110,000 km-long fibre broadband network and satellite connectivity that provides high-speed access to the Internet anywhere in Africa. Liquid is also leveraging its digital network to provide Cloud and Cyber Security solutions through strategic partnerships with leading global players. Liquid is a comprehensive technology solutions group that provides customised digital solutions to public and private sector enterprises and SMEs across the continent.  

    For more information, visit https://www.Liquid.Tech/.    

    Media files

    .

    MIL OSI Africa –

  • MIL-OSI Africa: Celebrating 70 years of the Freedom Charter 

    Source: Government of South Africa

    By Kenny Morolong

    In June this year, South Africa marked 70 years since the adoption of the Freedom Charter on 26 June 1955 by the Congress of the people. On that day, brave patriots assembled in a multiracial convention in Kliptown and adopted a document that remains the cornerstone to the founding of our Constitution and democracy. 

    To this day the Freedom Charter remains a concrete expression of the will and determination of the people. The values and core principles of the Freedom Charter have been incorporated into the Constitution which guides the National Development Plan, the blueprint for a society where all can flourish. The Constitution also informs the implementation of the Medium-Term Development Plan 2024-2029, which seeks to advance an all-inclusive democracy, where all have equal opportunities to a better life.

    This year’s anniversary was held under the theme “70 Years of the Freedom Charter: Youth Upholding the Constitution” and coincided with the commemoration of Youth Month. The theme reinforced the importance of the youth in taking the lead in addressing pressing challenges facing our country and ensuring that our constitutional democracy lives up to the principles as espoused in the Freedom Charter. Together we must ensure that we live by its values as we work for a better life for all our people.

    The 70th anniversary of the Freedom Charter was an opportunity to celebrate the strides we have made in building our democracy based on the Constitution. Since 1994 we have worked to undo the many evils of the past. Over the years Parliament passed legislation to support our democracy and to ensure that all people are treated justly and fairly.

    It also repealed several laws that sought to denigrate black people and replaced them with those that reflect the values of our new democratic dispensation. We should never forget that the apartheid government was systematic in their approach, passing law after law intended to restrict the freedoms and aspirations of black people.

    The Population Registration Act of 1950 formalised racial classification and introduced an identity card for all persons over the age of eighteen, specifying their racial group. The infamous Group Areas Act of 1950 decreed that only people of the same race could live side by side.

    Things that we now consider normal such as marrying the love of your life were banned under the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949, which prohibited marriage between persons of different races.

    Simple daily activities such as boarding a bus to go to the park, or the beach were banned under the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act of 1953, which reserved most public amenities for a particular race. In 1953, the Bantu Education Act was also passed, which crafted a separate and unequal system of education for African students, which aimed to limit their educational opportunities and reinforce apartheid policies.

    All these laws have been replaced and today we live in a country where all are equal before the law. No one can be discriminated against because of race, culture, language, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or any other ground.

    Furthermore, Chapter 9 institutions continue to function without fear or favour to safeguard our democracy and ensure that organs of state are held to account for their actions or inactions. Alongside Chapter 9 institutions, we have the separation of powers which allows each branch of government – the executive, the legislature and the judiciary – to scrutinise the acts of another branch to prevent one branch from acting unilaterally.

    Over our 31-years of democracy, we have also transformed the lives of people through the provision of basic services such as improving access to education, healthcare, houses, water, electricity, roads, social protection initiatives and wage increases. These successes are reflected in both the 30 Year Review Report and Census 2022. Both of these paints a picture of a society on the move and reflect improvements across most indicators.

    Although we have made progress, we are mindful that we must do more to substantially transform our nation and the economy. We are committed to speeding up transformation across society by strengthening partnerships with civil society to ensure that we address the many challenges faced by the most vulnerable including the youth in our country.

    All of these changes and milestones are a testament that we have a lot to be grateful for as we mark 70 years since the adoption of the Freedom Charter. South Africans from all races are encouraged to reflect on the 70th Anniversary of the Freedom Charter and find ways to build on the gains we have made to improve the lives of people.

    *Kenny Morolong is the Deputy Minister in the Presidency

    MIL OSI Africa –

  • MIL-OSI Europe: The Pope’s words at the Angelus prayer

    Source: The Holy See

    At midday today, fourteenth Sunday of Ordinary Time, the Holy Father Leo XIV appeared at the window of his study in the Vatican Apostolic Palace to pray the Angelus with the faithful and pilgrims gathered in Saint Peter’s Square.
    The following are the Pope’s words of introduction to the Marian prayer:

    Dear brothers and sisters, happy Sunday!
    Today’s Gospel (Lk 10:1-12, 17-20) reminds us of the importance of the mission to which we are all called, each according to our own vocation and in the particular situations in which the Lord has placed us.
    Jesus sends out seventy-two disciples (v. 1). This symbolic number indicates that the hope of the Gospel is meant for all peoples, for such is the breadth of God’s heart and the abundance of his harvest. Indeed, God continues to work in the world so that all his children may experience his love and be saved.
    At the same time, Jesus says, “The harvest is plentiful, but the laborers are few; therefore ask the Lord of the harvest to send out laborers into his harvest” (v. 2).
    On the one hand, God, like a sower, has generously gone out into the world, throughout history, and sowed in people’s hearts a desire for the infinite, for a fulfilled life and for salvation that sets us free. The harvest, then, is plentiful. The Kingdom of God grows like a seed in the ground, and the women and men of today, even when seemingly overwhelmed by so many other things, still yearn for a greater truth; they search for a fuller meaning for their lives, desire justice, and carry within themselves a longing for eternal life.
    On the other hand, however, there are few laborers to go out into the field sown by the Lord; few who are able to distinguish, with the eyes of Jesus, the good grain that is ripe for harvesting (cf. Jn 4:35-38). The Lord wishes to do something great in our lives and in the history of humanity, yet there are few who perceive this, pause to receive the gift and then proclaim and share it with others.
    Dear brothers and sisters, the Church and the world do not need people who fulfill their religious duties as if the faith were merely an external label. We need laborers who are eager to work in the mission field, loving disciples who bear witness to the Kingdom of God in all places. Perhaps there is no shortage of “intermittent Christians” who occasionally act upon some religious feeling or participate in sporadic events. But there are few who are ready, on a daily basis, to labor in God’s harvest, cultivating the seed of the Gospel in their own hearts in order then to share it in their families, places of work or study, their social contexts and with those in need.
    To do this, we do not need too many theoretical ideas about pastoral plans. Instead, we need to pray to the Lord of the harvest. Priority must be given, then, to our relationship with the Lord and to cultivating our dialogue with him. In this way, he will make us his laborers and send us into the field of the world to bear witness to his Kingdom.
    Let us ask the Blessed Virgin Mary, who generously gave her “yes” to participating in the work of salvation, to intercede for us and accompany us on the path of following the Lord, so that we too may become joyful laborers in God’s Kingdom.
    ___________________
    After the Angelus
    Dear brothers and sisters,
    With affection I greet all of you, faithful of Rome and pilgrims from Italy and from various countries. In the great heat of this time of year, your journey to pass through the Holy Doors is even more courageous and admirable!
    In particular, I greet the Franciscan Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart; the pupils and parents of Strzyzow School and the faithful from Legnica in Poland; and the Greek Catholic group from Ukraine.
    I also greet the pilgrims from Romano di Lombardia, Melia (Reggio Calabria), Sassari, and the Latin American community from the Archdiocese of Florence.
    Greetings to the English speaking pilgrims. I would like to express sincere condolences to all the families who have lost loved ones, in particular their daughters, who were at the summer camp, in the disaster caused by flooding of the Guadalupe river in Texas in the United States. We pray for them.
    Dearest friends, peace is a desire of all peoples, and it is the sorrowful cry of those torn apart by war. Let us ask the Lord to touch the hearts and inspire the minds of those who govern, that the violence of weapons be replaced by the pursuit of dialogue.
    This afternoon, I will travel to Castel Gandolfo, where I intend to have a short period of rest. I hope that everyone will be able to enjoy some vacation time in order to restore both body and spirit.
    I wish all of you a happy Sunday!

    MIL OSI Europe News –

  • MIL-OSI United Kingdom: The Harris Announces Grand Reopening This September

    Source: City of Preston

    Preston’s iconic cultural landmark is set to welcome up to half a million visitors each year following a £19 million major restoration.

    Made possible with funding from Preston City Council, The National Lottery Heritage Fund, the UK Government’s Towns Fund, Lancashire County Council and many other generous partners.

    The Harris will officially reopen its doors to the public on Sunday, 28 September 2025 following a once-in-a-generation restoration as part of the Harris Your Place project. The transformation reimagines The Harris as a dynamic and inclusive cultural hub for the 21st century, blending art, history, community, and a refreshed library service to deliver an exciting new visitor experience.

    Located in the heart of Preston, The Harris will relaunch with an impressive exhibition programme, learning spaces, family-friendly facilities, a new café and shop, and new heritage tours that celebrate its architectural and civic legacy. The reopening will mark a new chapter for one of the UK’s leading regional museums, libraries and galleries.

    Councillor Anna Hindle, Cabinet Member for Culture and Arts at Preston City Council said:

    “The reopening of The Harris marks a proud and exciting moment for the city of Preston. This incredible transformation will not only safeguard our heritage but also create a vibrant, inclusive space that inspires creativity, learning and connection for generations to come. We’re immensely grateful to all our funding partners and can’t wait to welcome residents and visitors alike back through the doors of this much-loved building.

    “The Harris Your Place project has been made possible thanks to the generous support of key partners. We gratefully acknowledge Preston City Council, The National Lottery Heritage Fund, UK Government’s Towns Fund, Lancashire County Council and Arts Council England. Their vital contributions have helped preserve The Harris for future generations while strengthening access, learning and community engagement.”

    Helen Featherstone,Director, England, North at The National Lottery Heritage Fund, said:

    “We are proud to be supporting the Harris Your Place project, thanks to money raised by National Lottery players. Working with Preston City Council, this exciting initiative will provide a sustainable home for the Museum’s collections, which will ensure that they are accessible for local communities and visitors to learn more about the city’s rich heritage.

    “We know that heritage can play a huge role furthering a sense of pride in local communities which in turn can boost the local economy, and this project is sure to be a wonderful example of that.”

    County Councillor Matthew Salter, Cabinet Member for Education and Skills, Lancashire County Council, said:

    “We’re excited to see the Preston Harris Library reopening and back in this iconic building, which is such an important part of the community.

    “That’s why we have contributed £1.375m towards the project and our refreshed library.

    “This revitalised space will continue to house Preston’s biggest library and serve as a hub for learning and education for all residents.

    “We can’t wait to welcome everyone back to this wonderful space.”

    Closed since 2021, essential works have included the safe removal of asbestos from the roof, comprehensive repairs to preserve the building’s historic structure, and vital improvements to heating, lighting, and accessibility throughout the building. When it reopens, visitors can expect a fully reimagined experience, with new galleries, and community facilities.

    Following the refurbishment of The Harris, annual visitors are expected to increase by approximately 100,000 on top of the existing 350,000 (in 2021).

    Additionally, The Harris is unveiling a fresh new look including a redesigned logo, brand identity, and new website. The modernised branding aligns with the aims of the Harris Your Place project: inspired by community input and honouring the building’s heritage while looking confidently to the future.

    More details about the reopening events, exhibitions and public programming will be announced in the coming weeks. For more information visit The Harris.

    Further Information

    About The Harris

    Opened in 1893, the Grade I listed building is owned and managed by Preston City Council. Based in Preston, Lancashire, The Harris is one of the leading museums, galleries and libraries in the region and an Arts Council England National Portfolio Organisation. Host to art collections of national significance, exciting activities and events for all ages and an award-winning contemporary art programme, The Harris is Preston’s landmark cultural hub.

    Currently delivering Harris Your Place project, made possible with National Lottery Heritage Fund; UK Government Towns Fund; Preston City Council; Lancashire County Council; the Preston, South Ribble and Lancashire City Deal; DCMS; Arts Council England, public donations and a wide range of Trusts and Foundations including Garfield Weston Foundation, Wolfson Foundation, The Harris Charity, Harris Trust and Friends of the Harris.

    The magnificent Grade I Listed building is poised to reopen on Sunday, 28 September 2025. To learn more about The Harris, please visit The Harris.

    Our vision is for heritage to be valued, cared for and sustained for everyone, now and in the future. That’s why as the largest funder of the UK’s heritage we are dedicated to supporting projects that connect people and communities to heritage, as set out in our strategic plan, Heritage 2033. Heritage can be anything from the past that people value and want to pass on to future generations. We believe in the power of heritage to ignite the imagination, offer joy and inspiration, and to build pride in place and connection to the past.

    Over the next 10 years, we aim to invest £3.6billion raised for good causes by National Lottery player to make a decisive difference for people, places and communities.

    MIL OSI United Kingdom –

  • MIL-OSI United Kingdom: Lily’s passion for politics sees her swap Aberdeen for Washington DC A passion for politics will take Lily Macdonald from Aberdeen to Washington DC later this summer where the opportunity of a lifetime awaits.

    Source: University of Aberdeen

    Lily will head to Washington DC to study at America University’s School of Public Affairs

    A passion for politics will take Lily Macdonald from Aberdeen to Washington DC later this summer where the opportunity of a lifetime awaits.
    Leaving with a first class MA (Hons) in Politics and International Relations to her name, graduation is just the start of the adventure for the 21-year-old who has secured a coveted Fulbright-American University Scholarship.
    The only UK student offered a place at American University this year under the Fulbright award, Lily will be jetting off to the US capital in August to study at America University’s School of Public Affairs where she will learn from some of the best in the business, including a former speech writer for President Obama and a former Senate Chief of Staff.
    “I still can’t really believe it. I’ve been interested in American politics for a long time so this is like a dream come true,” she said. “I think I was in shock for about two days after finding out because it didn’t feel real and then all of a sudden I thought, ‘oh wow, this is actually happening’ and just started crying.”
    With a background in community development and volunteering, the scholarship blends Lily’s extracurricular activities with her academic interests. She has been actively involved in community integration projects for the past seven years, focusing on topics including intergenerational work with ACE Voices, youth empowerment as part of Aberdeen Youth Movement and inclusive networking for neurodiverse individuals and their families.
    “My research proposal is about exploring the pipeline between American political infrastructure and community grassroots conflict. How disengagement and polarisation manifest into violence at a local level, what that conflict looks like, and what we can do to heal it.
    “I feel quite passionately about it because I think political polarisation is almost exclusively explored at a national or international level, but actually if you can work to heal communities at a local level that’s when real change can be made.”
    Not only is Lily leaving with a first, Lily is also the proud recipient of the 2025 Grant Jordan prize for the Best Politics Dissertation.
    “Winning the prize is the icing on the cake,” she said. “It’s especially meaningful because two years ago I never would have thought any of this would be possible.”
    After feeling she’d had to work extra hard to maintain good grades at secondary school, Lily was diagnosed with dyslexia and dysgraphia in her second year at university.

    I’m very excited about what comes next but I’ve loved being at the University of Aberdeen so I’m also sad to leave” Lily McDonald

    “I’d always put in the effort and was a straight A student but, after getting my diagnosis, a lot of things I’d found really difficult over the years suddenly made sense,” she said.
    “The support the University gave me was fantastic. My lecturer, Dr Malcolm Harvey, in particular was brilliant, he really changed my life. Along with the Student Support team he helped me find alternative ways to absorb the information I needed, like sourcing audio versions of data science visuals which I find a challenge.
    “Taking that pressure off gave me the space to be able to spend more time putting my thoughts to paper like everyone else, rather than working hard just trying to keep up.”
    Dr Harvey was also instrumental in encouraging Lily to apply for the Fulbright award.
    “Throughout my degree I’ve specialised in American domestic politics and foreign policy. I spoke to him about doing a Masters and he said, ‘go to America’. It never crossed my mind that would be possible but he told me about Fulbright and while it was an extremely tough process, he encouraged me and made me believe it could happen.
    “I was over the moon the day I found out I’d got it. I’m very excited about what comes next but I’ve loved being at the University of Aberdeen so I’m also sad to leave.
    “The idea of community is in my DNA. I’ve felt part of a community at the University and in a research capacity I want to see what community healing looks like in America and take that back to the projects that I’m already involved with here.
    “I can see myself going into some sort of advisory role further down the line. It’s not an easy path, but neither was Fulbright so I’m optimistic about the future.”
    Until then Lily, a keen musician, is looking forward to her two years in DC which will include exploring the local music scene.

    MIL OSI United Kingdom –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: Participants of the Big Mathematical Workshop will solve problems in the fields of energy, public utilities and biomedicine

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Novosibirsk State University –

    An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

    On July 7, the famous Academician A.I. Maltsev Auditorium of Novosibirsk State University hosted the 6th Big Mathematical Workshop (BMM-2025) — an event in which several hundred schoolchildren, students, and postgraduates will try to solve or make significant progress in solving an interesting research, technological, or methodological problem in the field of mathematics.

    This year, the event is taking place at the sites of four leading universities in the country: NSU, ITMO University (St. Petersburg), Adyghe and Tomsk State Universities. In Novosibirsk, more than 230 people from more than 20 cities in Russia are taking part in BMM projects. The English-language section of BMM, which was launched in 2024, this time brought together more than 20 students from Chinese universities.

    Addressing the participants of the Workshop with a greeting, the rector of NSU, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Mikhail Fedoruk noted:

    — We have many mathematical workshops, but the Big one is only one. And it is no coincidence that it starts here, in the famous Academician Maltsev Auditorium, where many outstanding scientists began their path to science. Novosibirsk University has always paid great attention to teaching mathematics in all faculties, and the idea of the Big Mathematical Workshop was conceived here and in a few years has grown from a local event into an international one. I wish all participants successful completion of their projects and further expansion of the boundaries of the workshop.

    The goal of the BMM is to obtain a real result, the tasks come from customers – scientific organizations and enterprises, and it itself is a satellite event of the International Forum of Technological Development “Technoprom”. This focus on practical results was emphasized by the Vice-Governor of the Novosibirsk Region Irina Manuilova, who took part in the grand opening of the workshop:

    — In total, more than 30 projects have been selected for the participants, a number of which have absolutely obvious practical significance and are aimed at solving problems in the field of energy, utilities, biomedicine and other industries. The authors of the best works will then have the opportunity to present their results to potential customers at the Technoprom forum itself. The organizers of the workshop can already show examples of the implementation of the results of projects from previous years in the real sector of the economy.

    Examples of projects developed during the BMM in previous years and implemented in real practice include an algorithm that allows for the automation of the creation of a cutting map and optimization of the cutting of building materials, such as plywood. This domestic software has replaced foreign software that has become unavailable since 2022. The second example is from the financial sector, a model for assessing the creditworthiness of a potential borrower based on machine learning.

    The Big Mathematical Workshop program consists of two intensive weeks separated by an intermodule. The BMM will run until July 19. The Big Mathematical Workshop also includes a school section, in which 50 children will participate, they will work on 6 projects. From 2023, based on the results of participation in the BMM, you can earn additional points for admission to NSU.

    Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

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    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: GUU graduate appointed acting Minister of Transport of Russia

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Official website of the State –

    An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

    On July 7, 2025, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree assigning the duties of the Minister of Transport of Russia to GUU graduate Andrei Nikitin.

    Let us recall that Andrey Nikitin was appointed Deputy Minister of Transport in February of this year and began to oversee the digital transformation of the country’s transport complex.

    Andrey Nikitin graduated from the State University of Management in 2001 with a degree in State and Municipal Administration. From 2002 to 2011, he held senior positions in various commercial organizations. After that, he headed the Agency for Strategic Initiatives for six years. From 2017 to 2025, he served as Governor of the Novgorod Region.

    We admire his rapid career growth and congratulate Andrei Sergeyevich on his high appointment. We wish him to justify the President’s trust.

    Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

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    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: Over 700 Chinese and Russian teenagers gathered in Mudanjiang for cultural exchanges

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: People’s Republic of China in Russian – People’s Republic of China in Russian –

    An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

    Source: People’s Republic of China – State Council News

    BEIJING, July 7 (Xinhua) — The 2025 Second China-Russia Youth Cultural Exchange Festival of Heilongjiang Province (northeast China) kicked off in the city of Mudanjiang in the same province on Thursday. More than 700 teenagers from China and Russia gathered there to learn about each other’s cultures and strengthen mutual friendship through interactive exchanges, the Heilongjiang Daily reported.

    The opening ceremony was divided into two parts: a cultural exchange platform for Chinese and Russian teenagers and a gala concert. In particular, the cultural exchange platform featured 10 interactive zones dedicated to intangible cultural heritage, culinary traditions, creative products, handicrafts, etc.

    During the gala concert, Russian participants presented graceful waltz, classical ballet, modern dances and other performances, while Chinese teenagers demonstrated traditional Chinese culture by performing Tibetan, Xinjiang and other ethnic dances, traditional musical instruments, Chinese opera and wushu.

    The current festival will feature more than 20 events, which will involve over 2,000 young representatives from both countries to deepen cultural exchanges.

    The event was jointly organized by the Mudanjiang Municipal Committee of the Communist Youth League of China, the Foreign Affairs Office of the Mudanjiang Municipal People’s Government, the Mudanjiang Municipal Bureau of Education and the Bureau of Culture, Sports, Radio, Television and Tourism. -0-

    Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

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    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: From Leningrad Oblast to Dagestan: Polytechnic University’s student teaching team opens work season

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University –

    An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

    The student teaching team “SOzvezdie” is once again giving children unforgettable impressions and vivid emotions in the summer work season. The students have gone to different regions of Russia. In the Leningrad Region, they work in the children’s health camps “Volna” and “Gorizont”. Another group is spending a shift in the children’s health and career guidance camp “Vremya Dela” in the Republic of Dagestan.

    The season of pedagogical teams is notable for the fact that students can work in different positions. Counselors organize children’s leisure time, conduct entertainment programs and monitor safety. Administrative staff coordinates the work of the camp and solves organizational issues. Club leaders lead creative and sports sections, helping children to discover their talents. A special role is played by the press center workers, who cover the events of the camp and manage social networks.

    We went to Dagestan for the first time to work there in the already familiar to us camp “Time of Business”. This is an unusual experience: a different climate, cultural features of the region, incredibly beautiful nature. Despite the completely new conditions, the members of our squad are very happy to work with the children in the camp and help them spend their holidays cheerfully and usefully, – said SPO “SOzvezdie” fighter Elena Larina.

    Thanks to the professionalism and enthusiasm of the participants of “SOzvezdie”, every day in the camps is filled with bright events. Creative events are held – concerts, competitions, theatrical performances. Sports competitions are organized – tournaments, relay races, team games. The counselors do not forget about educational programs – master classes and educational games.

    Students enthusiastically take on any job, striving to make each summer special for their charges. And they themselves gain invaluable experience working with children, improve their teaching skills and find new friends. For many, this becomes an important stage in their professional development and personal growth.

    Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

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    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: From Leningrad Oblast to Dagestan: Polytechnic University’s student teaching team opens work season

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University –

    An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

    The student teaching team “SOzvezdie” is once again giving children unforgettable impressions and vivid emotions in the summer work season. The students have gone to different regions of Russia. In the Leningrad Region, they work in the children’s health camps “Volna” and “Gorizont”. Another group is spending a shift in the children’s health and career guidance camp “Vremya Dela” in the Republic of Dagestan.

    The season of pedagogical teams is notable for the fact that students can work in different positions. Counselors organize children’s leisure time, conduct entertainment programs and monitor safety. Administrative staff coordinates the work of the camp and solves organizational issues. Club leaders lead creative and sports sections, helping children to discover their talents. A special role is played by the press center workers, who cover the events of the camp and manage social networks.

    We went to Dagestan for the first time to work there in the already familiar to us camp “Time of Business”. This is an unusual experience: a different climate, cultural features of the region, incredibly beautiful nature. Despite the completely new conditions, the members of our squad are very happy to work with the children in the camp and help them spend their holidays cheerfully and usefully, – said SPO “SOzvezdie” fighter Elena Larina.

    Thanks to the professionalism and enthusiasm of the participants of “SOzvezdie”, every day in the camps is filled with bright events. Creative events are held – concerts, competitions, theatrical performances. Sports competitions are organized – tournaments, relay races, team games. The counselors do not forget about educational programs – master classes and educational games.

    Students enthusiastically take on any job, striving to make each summer special for their charges. And they themselves gain invaluable experience working with children, improve their teaching skills and find new friends. For many, this becomes an important stage in their professional development and personal growth.

    Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    .

    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: “HSE stands out for its academic reputation, international environment and approach to teaching”

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: State University “Higher School of Economics” –

    An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

    © Higher School of Economics

    This year Center for the preparation of foreign students HSE University is turning 10 years old. Applicants from other countries take a year-long course here to prepare for admission to Russian universities. HSE teachers help future students gain the knowledge and skills necessary to successfully master a higher education program in Russia.

    Many graduates of the center choose to enroll in the Higher School of Economics, and some later become its employees.

    As part of the annual course, the center’s students can study Russian, get to know Russian culture and traditions better, and attend seminars on thematic subjects: mathematics, physics, computer science, literature, history, social studies, and others. Upon completion of the program, the center’s graduates have the opportunity to receive a discount on tuition fees at the National Research University Higher School of Economics.

    Graduates of the Center for the Preparation of Foreign Students told Vyshka.Glavnoe about their decision to come to Russia and study at the Higher School of Economics.

    Nemanja Stepanov, graduate of the Master’s programInternational Relations: European and Asian Studies» HSE, analyst Center for Mediterranean Studies HSE

    Why am I here?

    — I came from Serbia, from Belgrade, because I wanted to study international relations, especially relations between Serbia and Russia, as well as Russian policy in South-Eastern Europe. Historical relations between our countries have been good, the people of Serbia perceive Russia as the most reliable ally and consider Russians a brotherly people, but they do not fully understand the specifics of Russia and Russian policy. That is why I came here to study this area.

    About preparation for admission

    — A professor from Serbia recommended HSE to me, and I applied. Before entering the first year of the master’s program, I had to learn Russian, because the program was in Russian, so I arrived a year earlier and entered the Center for the Preparation of Foreign Students. At first, we studied only Russian, then they began to distribute us according to the specialties that we planned to study in the future.

    I can’t say it was difficult to learn the language, but it was intense. Serbian is a Slavic language, so it was easier for me than for others whose native language is not in this group. But sometimes it was a problem: for example, the same word can mean different things in Serbian and Russian.

    About studying at HSE

    — After my master’s degree, I entered postgraduate studies, so I am now in my second year of postgraduate studies. I began collaborating with the Center for Mediterranean Studies on various projects from my first year of master’s studies. At the moment, I am working under the supervision of Ekaterina Gennadyevna Entina, who was my academic supervisor in my master’s degree and is now in postgraduate studies. For me, HSE is an opportunity to work in a field that interests me, with good people.

    Sachin Malhotra, a student of the Master’s programData Science» HSE, Head of the Commission HSE Student Council for work with foreign students

    About moving to Russia and HSE

    — I am from India, from the city of Agra, famous for its Taj Mahal. I chose Russia and HSE because I was looking for a quality education in Data Science. HSE has a strong academic reputation, an international environment, and a modern approach to teaching. I also wanted to experience another culture and challenge myself by learning a new language and being in an unfamiliar environment.

    About the Center for the Preparation of Foreign Students

    — I decided to take a preparatory year at HSE to gain at least a level of Russian that would be sufficient for everyday communication. This is critical for any international student, especially since many people outside of the university do not speak English. As part of the program, I studied Russian, both grammar and conversation, as well as mathematics and history. This gave me the opportunity to build a solid foundation in the language that I used not only in the classroom but also in everyday life. The program also gave me the chance to meet students from different countries, some of whom became my close friends.

    About the Russian language

    — I have been studying Russian for two years now — one year as part of the preparatory year and one year as a Master’s student. At first, it was quite difficult. Russian itself is a challenge, and the academic standards at HSE are very high, which also pushed me to improve the language. But in the end, this environment contributed to my growth not only in the language, but also in my academic performance in general. It made me more confident and prepared for university life in Russia.

    After the preparatory year

    — Afterwards, I enrolled in the Master’s program in Data Science at HSE. The academic experience was intense. The program is well-structured, combining theoretical knowledge with practical skills in machine learning, programming, and statistical analysis. The teachers are highly qualified, and the international environment facilitates collaboration and exchange of experience with like-minded people. Although sometimes challenging, this experience significantly deepened my understanding of data science and prepared me for future professional challenges.

    Nevena Boskovic, graduate of the Master’s programInternational Relations: European and Asian Studies» HSE University

    About admission to HSE and studies

    — I am from Belgrade, Serbia. I moved to Moscow in January 2021. I made this decision thanks to the Russian House in Belgrade. I had an idea to study Russian, and when I visited the Russian House, I learned about the possibility of receiving a scholarship from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. I was interested in the International Relations program, and the Russian House staff suggested that I enroll in Faculty of World Economy and World Politics at the HSE.

    I thought that studying would be very difficult and it would be hard to adapt. But it turned out that HSE has magical teachers who have a lot of knowledge and from whom I took a lot for myself. I would especially like to mention the wonderful teacher Dmitry Vyacheslavovich Suslov and my scientific supervisor Ekaterina Gennadyevna Entina: they encouraged me during the writing and defense of my master’s thesis.

    About adaptation

    — It is important for every foreign student to adapt and understand the language in a foreign country. The Center for the Preparation of Foreign Students helped me a lot, and I easily learned the basics of Russian. In addition, I studied Russian culture, literature, and history. All this is important to understand another nation.

    About the Russian language

    — For the first six months, I studied it online from Serbia (there was a pandemic at the time), and then I moved to Moscow and continued studying it. I can say that I managed to learn the language in a year. Of course, it was much easier for me because Russians and Serbs are Slavic peoples, we have many similar words.

    I wanted to learn the language well, and so I chose a program in Russian at the faculty: lectures, presentations, exams, and the master’s thesis itself were in Russian. I believe that I succeeded in all this thanks to a good language teacher and a good program at the Center for the Preparation of Foreign Students.

    Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

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    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Africa: United States (U.S.) Consulate Launches 29th American Space in Nigeria, Deepens People-to-People Ties

    Source: APO


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    On Thursday, Acting U.S. Consul General JoEllen Gorg joined Ogun State Governor Dapo Abiodun to officially open the Ogun Tech Hub Window on America, the 29th American Space in Nigeria. This new center—the second in Abeokuta—was established through a partnership between the U.S. Consulate General, Ogun State Government, and GFA Technologies, a leading tech company that supports innovative startups.

    The Ogun Tech Hub Window on America offers a vibrant, American-themed environment where young Nigerians can explore ideas, build leadership capacity, and sharpen their entrepreneurial and tech skills through interactive programs and workshops. The center also provides access to high-speed internet, computers, and a wide range of digital resources to support learning, research, and professional development. Visitors can also receive guidance on studying in the United States through various educational advising programs.

    Delivering remarks at the ribbon cutting ceremony attended by alumni of U.S. government exchange programs, Ogun State government officials, and members of the local academic, business, and artistic community, Acting Consul General Gorg explained that the Window on America is designed to expand the already strong bonds of friendship and deepen educational and cultural ties between the United States and Nigeria.

    “We are delighted to partner with the Ogun State Government and GFA Technologies to open the Ogun Tech Hub Window on America in Abeokuta,” Acting Consul General Gorg said. “This Window on America is a collaborative and technology-driven center dedicated to education, innovation, and partnership benefitting all residents of Ogun State and beyond.”

    Ogun State Governor Dapo Abiodun described the Ogun Tech Hub Window on America as a center for knowledge exchange, skills development, and peer-to-peer collaboration between young people in Ogun State and their counterparts in the United States. He underscored the importance of digital skills training offered at the Ogun Tech Hub Window on America in driving sustainable economic growth, generating employment, and enhancing the quality of life of citizens.

    “This is the opening of a window to endless possibilities. I urge Ogun State residents to take full ownership of groundbreaking initiatives like the Ogun Tech Hub Window on America. It is not just a room—it is a realized vision, a democratized platform for global learning, connection, and opportunity,” Governor Abiodun added.

    Co-Founder/Chief Executive Officer of GFA Technologies, Debo Omololu, lauded the U.S. government for the partnership that culminated in the opening of the Ogun Tech Hub Window on America. He expressed optimism that young people in Ogun State and its environs would benefit immensely from the resources and programs available at the center. “The Ogun Tech Hub is proud to join the global network of American Spaces. One of the core themes of our programming is to provide technological learning opportunities that drive digital transformation,” Omololu added.

    Programs offered at the Window on America will showcase the depth and breadth of American culture, values, ideals, and perspectives on a variety of themes from employability workshops to digital skills, AI, robotics, drone technology and other STEM learning opportunities. Visitors to the Ogun Tech Hub Window on America will include students, teachers, entrepreneurs, academics, journalists, civic organizations, government officials, and community leaders, among many others.

    In addition, the new center will offer access to academic and research resources via eLibraryUSA, a digital library with millions of publications, scholarly journals, eBooks, audio, video, and other multi-media content. Like all American Spaces around the world, programs and resources, including high speed internet access, offered at the Window on America are free of charge and open to everyone in the community.

    There are more than 700 American Spaces in 140 countries around the world hosted by universities, libraries, tech hubs, as well as U.S. embassies and consulates. The network of American Spaces in Nigeria organizes over 4,400 programs annually that reach 100,000 Nigerians. Nigeria has more American Spaces than any other African country, with 29 locations across 24 cities. Addresses of American Spaces in Nigeria can be found here.

    Distributed by APO Group on behalf of U.S. Embassy and Consulate in Nigeria.

    MIL OSI Africa –

  • MIL-OSI Europe: The German economy: navigating cyclical fluctuations and boosting long-term growth | Eesti Pank Public Lecture

    Source: Deutsche Bundesbank in English

    Check against delivery.

    1 Introduction
    Thank you, Governor Müller, for your kind introduction and for the invitation. It is a great pleasure and honour for me to speak here today. I truly appreciate the warm hospitality of Eesti Pank. Since my arrival, I have spent an exciting weekend enjoying several concerts, a trip to the Estonian wilderness, and a walking tour of your beautiful Old Town. 
    Ladies and gentlemen, Estonia and Germany are connected in surprising ways. For example, the esteemed Estonian economist Ragnar Nurkse, in whose honour this lecture series is being held, attended Tallinna Toomkool. The school was also formerly known as the Domschule zu Reval, and its lessons were held in German.
    Estonia and Germany have also shared a similar economic fate in recent years: Both countries’ economies have largely stagnated since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. 
    Today, I want to share my thoughts on how the German economy reached its current state and how it could recover. I will structure my remarks around three key questions.
    First, what is the current state of the German economy, and what are the main drivers shaping the economic outlook?
    Second, what national structural reforms could help put the German economy back on a growth trajectory? 
    And third, how can we work together to improve the European policy framework to better support growth and security across the European Union?
    2 German economy: current state and outlook
    2.1 Current state of the economy
    Let’s begin by examining the current state of the German economy. In 2024, Germany’s annual real GDP was only 0.4 % higher than in 2019. Similarly, Estonia’s economy remained largely stagnant at its 2019 level. There are several reasons for this sobering growth experience in Germany. For one thing, the economy has been significantly impacted by recent crises. 
    As one of the most globally interconnected economies, Germany experienced supply chain disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic more acutely than many other nations. Moreover, Germany’s heavy reliance on Russian natural gas made it particularly vulnerable to the sharp rise in energy prices.
    Simultaneously, German industry has been experiencing a gradual loss in competitiveness in international markets. This decline is partly due to the increasing strength of global competitors, especially from China. It had already taken root well before the onset of the pandemic. 
    In addition to these external challenges, there are also various, persistent internal obstacles to growth, which I will discuss in more detail shortly. Overall, potential output growth stands at a modest 0.4 %, and without significant policy changes, it is likely to remain at this low level.
    2.2 Economic outlook
    Against the background of these structural challenges, what are the short-term prospects of the German economy?
    In the first quarter of this year, the German economy grew by 0.4 %, rebounding from a slight contraction at the end of last year. This growth was stronger than anticipated, partly because concerns about rising tariffs resulted in shipments being frontloaded. However, the underlying economic momentum remains weak.
    The Bundesbank’s June 2025 forecast indicates that the German economy is expected to more or less stagnate this year. Factoring in the stronger-than-expected first-quarter growth figures, a slight annual increase appears possible. However, this would still represent three consecutive years of minimal growth.
    Our forecast aligns with recent predictions from the IMF and the European Commission, both of which project zero growth for 2025. The OECD is slightly more optimistic, projecting a growth rate of 0.4 %. Looking ahead, we see promising signs of recovery.
    In 2026, the Bundesbank projects that the German economy will grow by 0.7 %. And in 2027, growth could reach 1.2 %. Compared to last December’s forecast, the outlook for 2025 has thus been revised downward, while the forecast for 2027 has improved. The forecast is influenced by two opposing factors.
    On one hand, the tariff hikes and heightened uncertainty are estimated to reduce the German economy’s growth by approximately three-quarters of a percentage point. This impact is primarily expected to affect growth in 2025 and 2026.
    The baseline forecast assumes that the additional tariffs of at least 10 % imposed on all US trading partners since April will remain in place. Additionally, it accounts for the tariffs on steel and aluminium as well as on cars and car parts. Finally, the forecast factors in a significant increase in uncertainty, in particular with regard to trade policy.
    On the other hand, from 2026 onwards, the growth-dampening effects of tariffs are counterbalanced by positive growth impulses from German fiscal policy.
    Significant leeway for increased debt has been established, and deficits are expected to rise. Amongst other things, this leeway will be used to finance additional defence and infrastructure spending. Our experts estimate that this extra spending could boost economic growth by a total of three-quarters of a percentage point by 2027.
    In our baseline forecast, the two opposing forces in effect broadly cancel each other out. However, our projections are accompanied by considerable uncertainty. Trade disputes, geopolitical tensions, and specifics of German economic and fiscal policy all present risks. 
    For instance, an escalation of the trade conflict could increase GDP losses to one-and-a-half percentage points by 2027. In this risk scenario, the US tariff hikes announced in early April, some of which are currently suspended, would take full effect. This would be followed by renewed strong financial market reactions and ongoing high uncertainty regarding US economic policy. It is also assumed that the EU would retaliate with tariffs on a similar scale.
    The situation remains fluid, with both escalation and resolution of these tensions being possible at any moment. Just to mention, in two days, on July 9th, the 90-day pause on US reciprocal tariffs will conclude. We will see what happens.
    In summary, the German economy faces significant headwinds in the short term. Nevertheless, there are grounds for cautious optimism as we look to the future. 
    Before discussing policy measures to boost growth in Germany, let me take a moment to digress. In observing the public debate in Germany, it appears that the war in Ukraine still feels far removed for many people. 
    This contrasts sharply with the situation in Estonia, where a direct neighbour has become an immediate threat. Considering Estonia’s history and recurrent struggle for independence, one could say: “once more”.
    My impression is that the new German government understands the gravity of the situation. And I am confident that it will take the necessary steps to enhance European security.
    3 National policy measures to boost growth
    Ladies and gentlemen, A politically strong Europe must be built on a solid economic foundation. And as we have seen, Germany has significant room for improvement in this regard. So, how can Germany enhance its growth potential? 
    A few months ago, I presented a comprehensive set of measures during a speech in Berlin.[1] Let me summarise the key takeaways for you. I see three key areas where policymakers can enhance Germany’s growth potential.
    3.1 Increasing labour supply
    The first area that needs to be addressed urgently is labour supply. As the baby boomers from the 1960s retire, the number of working individuals is declining, which diminishes our growth potential. Accordingly, policymakers must explore every avenue to increase labour supply in Germany.
    One crucial option lies in increasing the working hours of part-time employees, especially women. While the employment rate of women in Germany is slightly above the European average, their weekly working hours are significantly lower. 
    This discrepancy partly stems from disincentives in the tax and social security systems that discourage longer working hours. Moreover, the lack of an adequate supply of childcare and elderly care facilities limits part-time workers’ ability to increase their hours. Improving these facilities can pave the way for longer working hours, thereby boosting our national labour supply.
    Another key component is labour market-oriented migration. Currently, bureaucratic hurdles and slow visa processes are hindering the effective integration of workers from non-EU countries. This represents one of several areas where Germany’s backlog in digitalising public services is hampering growth. Simplifying recognition procedures for academic qualifications and creating a centralised, digital point of contact for immigrants and their families can facilitate smoother transitions. 
    It is also vital to ensure that skilled workers remain in Germany over the long term. Currently, within two years of entering the labour market, more than 30 % of immigrants from other EU countries leave again.[2] Enhancing language courses and granting residency rights for workers’ family members can provide greater stability and integration.
    Additionally, we need to improve work incentives for recipients of the civic allowance. Research shows that the recent abolition of sanctions has significantly decreased the transition of recipients into the labour market.[3] Reinstating previous rules on grace periods, protected assets, and reporting obligations can help these individuals in their transition back to regular employment.
    Finally, we must harness the substantial potential of older individuals for additional, often highly qualified labour.[4] Germany faces a unique challenge, as the ratio of retirees to working-age individuals is expected to worsen significantly over the next 15 years compared to the OECD average. 
    To mitigate the increasing ratio of working to retirement years, it seems advisable to link the earliest possible retirement age, and subsequently the retirement age after 2031, to life expectancy. The year 2031 is significant, as by that time, the regular retirement age will have been increased to 67.
    Estonia serves as a role model in this context, as it will start linking retirement age to average life expectancy in 2027.[5] Germany would be wise to follow Estonia’s example. 
    Furthermore, it is time to reconsider the rule that permits early retirement without deductions for individuals who have worked for 45 years. 
    These measures would not only alleviate labour shortages and support economic growth, but also ease the financial pressure on pension systems.
    3.2 Efficiently transforming the energy sector
    The second area that needs to be addressed is the transformation of the energy sector. Germany aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. As a member of the European Union, Estonia, too, is expected to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 under the European Climate Law.
    This monumental task will necessitate significant investments in several key sectors. To ensure the energy transition is as efficient as possible, Germany needs to adopt a comprehensive and cohesive strategy.
    A key element of this strategy is implementing an effective carbon pricing system across all sectors and regions. Currently, carbon prices differ across sectors. However, only a standardised carbon price will ensure that savings are made in the most cost-effective areas. Therefore, it is crucial for Germany to advocate for consistent carbon pricing within the EU and other economic regions.
    Simultaneously, it is highly advisable to abolish climate-damaging subsidies. These subsidies undermine the economic incentives of carbon pricing by promoting fossil fuel consumption.
    Another essential component is establishing a reliable and coherent framework for the energy transition. Given the long planning horizons and substantial investments needed, a clear policy direction is essential. The government needs to clarify how domestic renewable energy sources and energy imports will interact, considering potential supply bottlenecks, particularly during the winter months. 
    Moreover, policymakers should create economic incentives to better align electricity supply and demand within Germany. Flexible electricity tariffs and innovative approaches such as bidirectional charging for electric vehicles can help achieve this. 
    3.3 Reviving business dynamism
    The third area in which Germany has significant room for improvement is business dynamism. Specifically, improved conditions for start-ups and business investment are critical for guiding the German economy back onto a stronger growth path.
    What needs to be done?
    To begin with, Germany should reduce excessive bureaucratic burdens. Entrepreneurs often express frustration with increasing bureaucracy and regulation.[6] The National Regulatory Control Council (Normenkontrollrat) has identified several promising avenues in this context. Moreover, implementing EU rules as sparingly and efficiently as possible can significantly reduce compliance burdens. We should avoid “gold plating”, which refers to adding extra layers of regulation at the national level. 
    Rather, the focus should be on facilitating start-ups and enhancing innovative capacity. Over one-half of company founders in Germany view bureaucratic hurdles and delays as problematic.[7] Creating a “one-stop shop” for aspiring entrepreneurs to manage all typical tasks related to starting a business can unleash greater business dynamism. Innovative start-ups should be embraced, benefiting from a large domestic market and suitable funding opportunities. 
    Lastly, simplifying and expediting administrative processes is essential for reviving business dynamism. Faster planning and approval procedures can help modernise infrastructure more quickly. Moreover, digitalisation, automation, and standardisation can all streamline administrative processes. 
    In this context, Estonia and Germany differ significantly. According to the World Bank, Estonia ranks among the most conducive countries for starting businesses in the EU – namely on position 14, while Germany ranks much lower – namely on position 125.[8]
    The 2025 Spring Report from the German Council of Economic Experts provides a detailed comparison of what it takes to start a company in both countries.[9] The differences are striking. 
    Estonia’s approach to founding a company exemplifies efficiency, featuring a fully digital, centralised system that enables entrepreneurs to complete the process quickly and with minimal bureaucracy.
    The entire procedure can be completed online through a one-stop shop for administrative services known as the “e-Business Register”. It employs a standardised template and allows users to apply for a VAT number at the same time. The costs of starting a company in Estonia are relatively low. Moreover, authorities process applications within five working days, or within one day if the expedited option is selected. 
    This efficient, fully digital system positions Estonia as a leader in facilitating entrepreneurship. 
    By contrast, Germany’s process is more fragmented, necessitating interaction with multiple authorities and requiring significantly more time and effort.
    Founders must consult several institutions, including notaries, the local court, the trade office, the tax office, and the Federal Employment Agency if they plan to hire employees. Additionally, the costs of starting a company in Germany are considerably higher. Moreover, it takes an average of 35 days, which is considerably longer.
    This is certainly another area where I believe Germany should follow Estonia’s lead.
    4 The European dimension
    Implementing rigorous structural reforms at the national level is essential for boosting Germany’s growth potential. However, for certain issues, we need to find solutions and make progress at the European level.
    4.1 Addressing geoeconomic and geopolitical challenges
    One aspect of this is developing a unified European response to the geoeconomic and geopolitical threats we face today. Europe is currently being confronted with an erratic and confrontational US trade policy. 
    So far, the European Commission has made every effort to de-escalate the situation. Simultaneously, however, the Commission is prepared to retaliate. I believe this is a reasonable approach. 
    Overall, Europe should remain committed to a rule-based international trade order and pursue free trade agreements with like-minded countries and regions. Commission President Ursula von der Leyen’s recent proposal to enhance cooperation between the EU and members of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) represents a welcome and appropriate step in that direction.
    Regarding geopolitics, Europe must assume greater responsibility for its own defence. In this context, it is crucial to enhance European coordination, including with non-EU countries such as Norway and the United Kingdom, in military strategy, deployment, personnel build-up, procurement, and production capacities. This coordination will incur minimal fiscal costs and may even save money through increased synergies. 
    The EU Commission’s “Readiness 2030” initiative aims to create space for additional national defence spending within the Stability and Growth Pact. I consider such temporary additional leeway for defence expenditure to be reasonable. It will enable European countries to act swiftly and adapt gradually to permanently higher defence spending.
    Lastly, Europe should enhance its autonomy in the payments sector. Currently, Europe remains largely dependent on non-European payment providers. We still lack a digital payment solution that functions across the entire euro area and operates on European infrastructure. 
    Introducing a digital euro in both retail and wholesale variants could be a cornerstone for true autonomy in payments. I would encourage legislators to push forward with the digital euro project accordingly.
    4.2 Boosting European integration
    The second dimension we must focus on is fostering European integration.
    The European Single Market has been a cornerstone of prosperity to date, allowing goods to flow freely across borders while fostering competition, innovation, and economic growth. However, significant barriers still exist when it comes to services. Cross-border trade in services is still far less developed than in goods, partly due to national regulations that restrict professional services such as legal advice, architecture, and engineering. While some regulations are justified, many are not, resulting in inefficiencies and lost opportunities.
    The digital revolution presents a unique opportunity to overcome these obstacles. Digital platforms, virtual collaboration, and online services are revolutionising how businesses operate and interact. To fully harness this potential, we need to simplify regulations, reduce administrative burdens, and establish a truly unified digital marketplace. For example, the centralised EU digital portal for public services established by the European Commission is a welcome step towards facilitating cross-border employment for professionals. This serves as a mechanism to give citizens easier access to services in other Member States. 
    By eliminating unjustified obstacles, we can unlock the full potential of the Single Market, enhance competitiveness, and ensure that Europe remains a global leader in innovation. 
    Energy is another area where deeper European integration can yield significant benefits. Europe’s energy markets are still fragmented, with infrastructure bottlenecks and national boundaries restricting the efficient flow of electricity. 
    A more integrated European electricity market would enable us to better align supply and demand across borders, reduce reliance on costly reserve power plants, and accelerate the transition to renewable energy. To achieve this, we need to invest in cross-border infrastructure, modernise our grids, and eliminate regulatory obstacles that impede energy trade. By collaborating, we can not only achieve our climate goals but also enhance Europe’s energy security and competitiveness in a rapidly evolving global landscape. 
    Last but not least, we must deepen the integration of European financial markets. The European Savings and Investments Union can help mobilise the necessary financing for additional investments, such as, for instance, for the green transition and the enhancement of defence capabilities.
    Three key elements are at play here.
    First, the European Savings and Investments Union can help diversify funding sources. Enhancing access to equity, market-based debt financing and venture capital will enable the financing of a broader range of investments.
    Second, the European Savings and Investments Union will facilitate cross-border investments by harmonising regulations and breaking down barriers. This would ease the formation of pan-European companies, enabling them to harness cost-lowering economies of scale.
    This point echoes Ragnar Nurske’s “balanced growth theory”. Tailored to the situation of high-income economies, one could paraphrase him in the following way: The limited size of the domestic market can constitute an obstacle to the application of capital by firms or industries, thus posing an obstacle to economic growth generally.[10]
    Third, the European Savings and Investments Union will make Europe more appealing to external investors. This would increase both the quantity of available financing and reduce its cost. 
    Recent policy actions by the US administration have led international investors to start questioning the US dollar’s safe haven status and to reassess the relative attractiveness of Europe as an investment location compared to the US. Boosting growth in the EU and making it an attractive investment destination presents an opportunity for Europe.
    5 Concluding remarks
    Ladies and gentlemen, Allow me to briefly summarise and share a few concluding thoughts.
    I began my speech by noting that economic growth has been weak in both Germany and Estonia over the past few years. In Germany’s case, the economy is currently navigating a combination of cyclical fluctuations and structural challenges. 
    This is a pivotal moment – a time for reflection, decisive action, and bold leadership. I am optimistic that the new German government will address the structural issues with determination and help its economy to become one of Europe’s growth engines. 
    In light of today’s geopolitical and geoeconomic uncertainties, Europe’s role is more crucial than ever. Let us seize this opportunity to deepen European integration and emerge stronger together. 
    If we take the right actions, I am confident that our two economies will soon share two key outcomes once again: vibrant economic growth and enduring security.
    For now, I eagerly anticipate our discussion here and my ongoing conversations with Governor Müller. I look forward to exchanging ideas and the opportunity to learn from each other. Thank you for your attention.
    Foot notes:

    Nagel, J. (2025), Economic policy measures to boost growth in Germany, speech held at the Berlin School of Economics, Humboldt University of Berlin.
     See Hammer, L. and M. Hertweck (2022), EU enlargement and (temporary) migration: Effects on labour market outcomes in Germany, Deutsche Bundesbank Discussion Paper No 02/2022.
    See Weber, E. (2024), The Dovish Turnaround: Germany’s Social Benefit Reform and Job Findings, IAB-Discussion Paper 07/2024.
    For a comprehensive analysis of retirement timing in Germany, see Deutsche Bundesbank (2025), Early, standard, late: when insurees retire and how pension benefit reductions and increases could be determined, June Monthly Report.
    See Republic of Estonia Social Insurance Board (2025), Retirement age | Sotsiaalkindlustusamet
    See Metzger, G. (2024), Start-up activity lacks macro-economic impetus – self-employed people are becoming more important as multipliers, KfW Entrepreneurship Monitor 2024, KfW Research.
    See World Bank Group (2025), Rankings.
    See German Council of Economic Experts (2025), Between hope and fear: Economic weakness and opportunities of the fiscal package, bureaucratic obstacles and structural change, Spring Report 2025, Chapter 3, Section 10.
    See Nurkse, R. (1961), Problems of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 163. The original citation is: “The limited size of the domestic market in a low income country can thus constitute an obstacle to the application of capital by any individual firm or industry working for the market. In this sense the small domestic market is an obstacle to development generally”.

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