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Category: Education

  • MIL-OSI Africa: APO Group Reveals its Role as Architect Behind Catholic Church in Africa’s Groundbreaking Communications Volunteer Programme

    Source: Africa Press Organisation – English (2) – Report:

    APO Group Reveals its Role as Architect Behind Catholic Church in Africa’s Groundbreaking Communications Volunteer Programme The volunteer task force includes African PR Professionals currently working in major corporations and international NGOs ACCRA, Ghana, May 27, 2025/APO Group/ — APO Group (www.APO-opa.com), a leading award-winning pan-African public relations and communications consultancy, has strategically unveiled a volunteer communications programme comprising experienced communication professionals to support the Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM) (www.SECAM.org), the governing body of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa. This groundbreaking initiative, developed and launched by APO Group aims to enhance the Roman Catholic Churches ability to communicate effectively and engage with communities across the African continent. The Catholic Church operates 82,235 Catholic Schools in Africa, educating 30,629,476 pupils. Its extensive network of care includes 13,880 facilities such as hospitals, clinics, dispensaries, leprosy centres, homes for the elderly and chronically ill, centres for disabled people, orphanages, kindergartens, and marriage counselling centres. APO Group and SECAM, the governing body of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa, first entered into their partnership in May 2022 with the shared goal of enhancing media and public relations support for the Catholic Church in Africa. Not only did APO Group conceive the volunteer programme but it also assembled a team of elite, well-experienced African communications professionals. The professionalization of SECAM’s communications capabilities extends beyond standard capacity-building. This initiative includes the development and delivery of a strategic communications framework that aligns with SECAM’s core mission and long-term objectives. The effort also builds upon APO Group’s previous collaborations with the Church, which include the creation and roll-out of a comprehensive communications curriculum and tailored training programme for Catholic institutions across Africa. The volunteer communications team will focus on key priorities, such as:

    • Crafting and executing a long-term communications strategy for SECAM to strengthen the voice of the Roman Catholic Church and increase awareness of its work across Africa.
    • Enhancing media relations to amplify the Church’s presence.
    • Designing effective visibility tools to connect with diverse stakeholders across Africa and beyond.

    Several talented professionals have already joined the SECAM Communications Volunteer Programme, bringing a wealth of expertise and a shared commitment to advancing the Church’s mission across Africa. Among them are Catherine Njoroge (https://apo-opa.co/3HapeKg), Head of Marketing and Strategy, who plays a role in shaping long-term plans to strengthen the Church’s visibility; Nyarai Chapingidza (https://apo-opa.co/4myd1PT), Digital MarComm Manager, who drives efforts to boost SECAM’s online presence; Lucy Kimani (https://apo-opa.co/4mxTKhp), Director of Communications and Advocacy, who steers impactful storytelling and advocacy campaigns; and Eunice Chege (https://apo-opa.co/4dw97mi), Communications Advisor, who contributes her extensive experience in developing and implementing communication strategies. Additionally, professionals joining in the business support functions include Majina Mwasezi (https://apo-opa.co/45pvSq3), Project Coordinator; Pauline Lugalia (https://apo-opa.co/4mAchd2), Executive Assistant to the Head of the Catholic Church in Africa; and Anne Nasumba (https://apo-opa.co/3ZBRqMp), Marketing and Communications Coordinator. Rose Thuo (https://apo-opa.co/4dDCMu0), who joined the programme as Chief of Marketing and Communications, said: “We are witnessing a remarkable convergence of talent and purpose. Each volunteer brings something unique to the table, and together, we are building a communications foundation that will serve the African Catholic Church for years to come.” There is an urgent and immediate need for candidates with HR and recruitment, as well as Graphic Design and website management experience to join the Roman Catholic Church in Africa’s volunteer programme. Individuals with this expertise are encouraged to apply and support the Church’s mission by strengthening its operational capacity across the continent. Interested volunteers are encouraged to apply through the official link: https://apo-opa.co/4dTxLxL. “This pro bono initiative reflects APO Group’s commitment to supporting impactful organisations across Africa. Many high-impact organisations (including NGOs) in Africa face financial barriers to establishing strong communication systems. This should never impede their ability to be seen and heard,” said Nicolas Pompigne-Mognard (www.Pompigne-Mognard.com), Founder and Chairman of APO Group. “Through initiatives like this volunteer programme, we strive to bridge that gap—delivering professional support to elevate their messaging and outreach at the highest possible level.” “Africa is now the future of the Roman Catholic Church,” said Cardinal Fridolin Ambongo, the President of SECAM. “As our communities continue to grow, it becomes ever more important to amplify our voice and share our mission with the world. “We are grateful to APO Group for their support and expertise in making this vision a reality. Their role in designing and implementing this initiative has been invaluable. APO Group’s dedication to empowering impactful organisations aligns perfectly with our mission, and their contribution will undoubtedly leave a legacy in the Church’s journey toward greater visibility and engagement worldwide.” As part of its ongoing partnership with the Roman Catholic Church in Africa, APO Group has delivered a comprehensive range of support initiatives, including complimentary pan-African press release distribution and media monitoring, extensive online and in-person media training for over 22 communication professionals across the continent, and the provision of Zoom licences to Episcopal and Regional Episcopal Conferences. APO Group Founder and Chairman has personally led training sessions and held strategic meetings with Church dignitaries in several African countries to assess further areas of support. Furthermore, a volunteer programme launched in 2024 is now active, enhancing operational assistance for the Church throughout Africa. According to recent data from the Vatican, there are 1.39 billion Catholics worldwide, representing around 18% of the world’s population. Africa’s 236 million Catholics already make up about 20% of the global Catholic population, but they are also the fastest-growing region in the world. By 2050, the World Christian Database estimates that African Catholics will make up 32% of the global Catholic population. According to the United Nations’ 2022 State of the World’s Volunteerism Report, there are an estimated 862.4 million volunteers globally. Engaging in volunteerism offers individuals a unique opportunity to gain practical, hands-on experience, enhance their professional profiles, and develop valuable skills through impactful service. This is a joint press release from APO Group and the Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM). Distributed by APO Group on behalf of APO Group. Media contact: marie@apo-opa.com About APO Group: Founded in 2007, APO Group (www.APO-opa.com) is the leading award-winning pan-African communications consultancy and press release distribution service. Renowned for our deep-rooted African expertise and expansive global perspective, we specialise in elevating the reputation and brand equity of private and public organisations across Africa. As a trusted partner, our mission is to harness the power of media, crafting bespoke strategies that drive tangible, measurable impact both on the continent and globally. Our commitment to excellence and innovation has been recognised with multiple prestigious awards, including a Provoke Media Global SABRE Award and multiple Provoke Media Africa SABRE Awards. In 2023, we were named the Leading Public Relations Firm Africa and the Leading Pan-African Communications Consultancy Africa in the World Business Outlook Awards, and the Best Public Relations and Media Consultancy of the Year South Africa in 2024 in the same awards. In 2025, Brands Review Magazine acknowledged us as the Leading Communications Consultancy in Africa for the second consecutive year. They also named us the Best PR Agency and the Leading Press Release Distribution Platform in Africa in 2024. Additionally, in 2025, the Davos Communications Awards 2025 awarded us the Gold Award for Best PR Campaign and the Bronze Award for Special Event. APO Group’s esteemed clientele, which includes global giants such as Canon, Nestlé, Western Union, the UNDP, Network International, African Energy Chamber, Mercy Ships, Marriott, Africa’s Business Heroes, and Liquid Intelligent Technologies, reflects our unparalleled ability to navigate the complex African media landscape. With a multicultural team across Africa, we offer unmatched, truly pan-African insights, expertise, and reach across the continent. APO Group is dedicated to reshaping narratives about Africa, challenging stereotypes, and bringing inspiring African stories to global audiences, with our expertise in developing and supporting public relations campaigns worldwide uniquely positioning us to amplify brand messaging, enhance reputations, and connect effectively with target audiences. About the Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM): The Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM) (www.SECAM.org) was born out of the decision of the African Bishops during the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) to establish a forum in which they could speak with one voice on matters pertaining to the Church in Africa. The establishment of SECAM is therefore the result of the Bishops’ resolve to build a continental structure in order to bring forth the African vision to the whole Church. Seeing the importance of such an Association for Africa, the Congregation for the Evangelisation of the Peoples invited the Presidents of the Regional Episcopal Conferences for consultations in 1968. Consequently, the first visit of a Pope to Africa, in modern times, was seen as a very opportune occasion for the launch of the Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar. This was therefore done during the visit of His Holiness Pope Paul VI in Kampala (Uganda) in July, 1969. Thereafter, it was agreed to establish the Headquarters / Secretariat of SECAM in Accra, Ghana. There are three official languages of SECAM, namely, English, French and Portuguese. SECAM functions through eight regional conferences, each made up of a cluster of national episcopal conferences.

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    MIL OSI Africa –

  • MIL-OSI United Kingdom: New sculpture in Cruickshank Garden – a beautiful spot for reflection, chat or moment of peace As the weather starts to get better, a stunning new addition to the University of Aberdeen’s Cruickshank Botanic Garden is set to offer visitors an additional peaceful place to gather their thoughts.

    Source: University of Aberdeen

    As the weather starts to get better, a stunning new addition to the University of Aberdeen’s Cruickshank Botanic Garden is set to offer visitors an additional peaceful place to gather their thoughts.
    Now in place on the ‘Beech Lawn’, on the south-west corner towards the Rose Garden, is a striking new bench, which has been carved from fallen timber by world-renowned sculptor, Nigel Ross.
    Adorned with the words ‘memories’, ‘play’, ‘forever’, ‘outdoors’ and ‘learn’; as a living memorial, the bench has been thoughtfully designed to honour a special person, to whom it is dedicated.
    Curator of the Cruickshank Botanic Garden, Mark Paterson, said: “I was approached by a family who wanted to further enhance CBG and at the same time provide a memorial to someone they loved and who loved the garden. Their idea was to commission Nigel Ross to design and make a bench in such a way that it would be appealing to children as well as being a commemorative, visual delight in CBG.
    “Of course I was absolutely thrilled at the offer and have continued to be overwhelmed by the beauty of the bench, and what it symbolises. The words carved into the oak have been carefully chosen. I hope for all who sit on the bench, the location and words, combined, will conjure up different emotions and memories, leaving them feeling better for having been there.”

    The bench, quite simply, looks phenomenal and it will do so all year round and indeed, in perpetuity.” Mark Paterson

    Having been commissioned, Nigel set about creating and sculpting the bench from an oak tree that was blown down along the shore of Loch of Clunie in a winter 2023 storm. Appropriately, due to its shape, Mark and others have started referring to the bench as the ‘Viking Ship’.
    Nigel commented: “Part of the remit for the bench was for it be attractive to children and it was carved with this in mind. I thought perhaps a viking boat would be perfect. I also wanted to capture the spirt of the oak tree and show off the grain the knots and exploit the tactile character of the oak.
    “I had set aside the unusual curved limb from the Clunie Oak and was just waiting for the right opportunity to arise – the living memorial bench at the Cruickshank Botanic Gardens was absolutely the perfect commission for it. Oak is a durable timber and and the bench should stand the test of time and will even get polished with use.”
    Mark added: “The bench, quite simply, looks phenomenal and it will do so all year round and indeed, in perpetuity. Whether set against the long shadows of wintertime or highlighted by dappled sunlight shining through the seasonal foliage of the surrounding trees. In addition to being a lovely piece of artistic work, the bench is practical and has become my favourite new meeting place – instead of an online Teams chat, I’ll see you at the Viking Ship!”
    For more information about Nigel Ross and his work, visit http://www.nigelross-sculpture.com/

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    MIL OSI United Kingdom –

  • Bharat, the Sutradhar

    Source: Government of India

    Source: Government of India (4)

    At the WAVES Summit earlier this month, the icons of an industry that once framed itself as the voice of India stood still for a moment, not on a set, not in a scene, but in real time. Khans and Kapoors, studio heads and screenwriters, streaming moguls and old-guard directors — all of them under one roof, hosted not by a production house, but by a government they had, not long ago, considered creatively toxic. The man whose rise to power had been declared the death of free speech in India was now sharing the stage with them, gently inviting creators to tell the story of Bharat to the world — and in doing so, nudging them to first listen to Bharat themselves.

    But WAVES is not the story. It is only the stage.

    The real story lies in what led up to this moment: a quiet, sometimes uncomfortable, but wholly inevitable civilisational shift. A rewriting of the grammar of Indian storytelling. For decades, a small coterie dictated what stories would be told about India — often from the vantage point of metro privilege, Western awards circuits, or elite anxieties. The India that reached our screens was often broken, mocked, exoticised, or aestheticised. The India of slums, scams, and spiritual contradictions. Tradition was treated as burden, faith as fanaticism, and the village as either comic relief or backwardness. For years, audiences were fed a single narrative: that they had no choice but to accept what was being offered — that they were too unsophisticated to expect more.

    But Bharat — patient, poetic Bharat — was listening. Watching. And then it chose.

    It began, as all awakenings do, not with fireworks, but with quiet exits. Audiences stopped showing up. The Friday buzz started fading. And then, the economy of choice — powered by the democratisation of platform thanks to social media — transformed the whole content consumption experience. Viewers discovered that they were no longer bound to whatever landed in the multiplex. They had access to stories that hadn’t passed through the old gatekeepers. Stories that didn’t need to beg for distribution or approval. Stories that simply spoke — in dialects they understood, with values they recognised, and emotions they had lived.

    Narrative Reimagining: From India to Bharat, there has been a change in the stories we tell, the heroes we celebrate, and the India we portray.

    The Stories We Tell. The Heroes We Celebrate. The India We Portray. In the last decade, something subtle yet seismic has shifted in Indian cinema. We are no longer merely telling stories about India. We are beginning to speak as Bharat.

    For too long, the global gaze shaped our storytelling — a cinematic self-consciousness that chased validation from Western film festivals or mimicked Western narrative forms. The India that appeared on screens abroad was either exotic and spiritual or broken and begging for sympathy — poverty porn, partition pain, or palace love stories.

    But today, there’s a slow, confident move from India-as-imagined-by-others to Bharat-as-felt-by-itself. We are witnessing a shift from victimhood to valour — where the once-forgotten warriors of our soil, from Rani Durgavati to Veer Savarkar, are being reclaimed as cinematic protagonists.

    There is a visible shift –
    From metro gaze to mandir towns, where stories now unfold in Ayodhya, Kashi, Bastar, and Bhuj, without apology.
    From mimicry to myth-making, where homegrown philosophies, epics, and aesthetics are stepping forward as source material, not backdrop.

    Cinema is slowly catching up — from mytho-scientific films to historical epics, from women-led entrepreneurship stories to narratives anchored in Kashi, Kedarnath, and Kanyakumari. This is not nostalgia. It is civilisational reclaim. And through cinema — our most powerful export — we are reimagining ourselves and inviting the world to see a new Bharat: rooted, radiant, and ready.

    We stopped exporting sympathy. We started inviting the world to witness a civilisation coming into consciousness — not as a wounded past, but as a living, luminous future. Shrinking the colonial-leftist gaze that showcased India as land of suffering, spiritual detachment, and economic decay, we have slowly and steadily decided to chose civilisational pride over postcolonial pity, and replace cinematic self-pity with cinematic self-respect.

    We have now begun to see ourselves not as a country waiting to be explained, but as a civilisation finally choosing how to be shown.

    And that is how and why the old guard began to flounder. The industry that had once dictated taste — with its boy-meets-girl montages and designer depression — has found itself gasping. Friday releases have dried up. Cinemas play reruns. Star-studded films have crashed at the box office. Bollywood, as we knew it, is experiencing an identity crisis. And which is why the presence of erstwhile ‘Lords’ of the industry at the recently concluded WAVES summit in Mumbai is a story in itself.

    In 2015, Aamir Khan remarked that his wife no longer felt safe in India — a moment that revealed not just his personal fears, but a deeper cultural disconnect. It wasn’t just about intolerance. It was about entitlement. The idea that cultural authority could be claimed, not earned.

    Fast forward to WAVES 2025, and Aamir is back on stage — praising government support, urging for theatres in every corner of India. Not because he changed. But because Bharat did. And he knows it.

    The stars are no longer in the sky. They are on the ground. Because their castles have crashed. They now stand at the shore, waiting — not just for a comeback, but for newer waves. Pun very much intended.

    WAVES 2025, in that sense, wasn’t just a summit. It was a reckoning. The very actors, studios, and production houses that once scoffed at tradition were now attending a government-backed cultural platform with folded hands. And the irony was not lost on anyone. But this wasn’t revenge. It was realignment.

    Prime Minister Modi’s address didn’t speak of censorship or surveillance. He spoke of story. He invoked the Natyashastra. He reminded us that even our gods sing and dance. He urged creators to dream big, to tell the one billion untold stories of Bharat to the world.

    No diktats. Just direction. A gentle, civilisational nudge. Because Bharat, long silenced, is now narrating. It is no longer the subject of someone else’s script. It is the sutradhar — the narrator, the conscience, the cultural compass. It is not waiting to be validated. It is speaking in its own rhythm, its own language, its own light.

    The world doesn’t need a rebranded India. It needs to meet Bharat — as it has always been, and as it is now willing to show itself. The script is being rewritten, many many frames at a time.

     

    (Harsha Bhat is a versatile writer, journalist, and content strategist with over a decade of experience in storytelling, editing, and campaign curation. Currently working as a freelance writer and content strategist, Harsha has a proven track record of delivering impactful content for diverse platforms, including political campaigns, cultural heritage initiatives, and reputed publications like Swarajya Magazine and South First. Her editorial expertise spans conceptualizing special editions, managing newsroom operations, and mentoring aspiring writers. Notable accomplishments include spearheading acclaimed editorial campaigns like the Kashi and Ayodhya urban rejuvenation stories and publishing the transformative biography From Manjunath to Manjamma (HarperCollins, 2023).

    She holds M.A. in Linguistics from University of Mumbai and a graduate in Journalism (BMM) from St. Xavier’s College, Harsha blends creativity with analytical depth to craft compelling narratives. Beyond writing, Harsha is a sought-after speaker and panelist at literary events and a passionate advocate for linguistic and cultural diversity. As a skilled journalist and cultural chronicler, Harsha’s work delves into heritage, politics, and community-driven stories. Harsha Bhat continues to inspire through stories that bridge tradition and modernity, championing meaningful narratives that leave a lasting impact.)

  • MIL-OSI Russia: Fifty years later: 1975 road workers graduates meet at SPbGASU

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering – Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering – LISI Graduates of 1975

    A meeting of graduates of the road construction faculty of the Leningrad Civil Engineering Institute (LISI, as our university was then called) of 1975 in the specialty “Motorways” was held at SPbGASU.

    The main organizer of the anniversary meeting was the former head of the group, and now professor of the Department of Transport Systems and Road and Bridge Construction of our university, Alexander Solodkiy.

    “Many of my classmates have achieved great professional success: they worked in leading construction and design organizations in the road industry and in executive authorities managing the road sector, became founders and heads of companies, were awarded the title of “Honorary Road Builder of Russia” and other awards. Thus, Vladimir Valentinovich Kalinin heads the ABZ-1 group of companies, Igor Anatolyevich Pichugov heads the Dorservis group of enterprises. I headed the Department of Transport Systems at SPbGASU for nine years, and I have a Doctor of Science degree. Another Doctor of Science was Evgeny Nikolaevich Barinov, who worked at the Department of Highways at LISI. Unfortunately, he is no longer with us,” said Alexander Solodkiy.

    Aleksandr Ivanovich emphasized that graduates do not lose touch with their alma mater. Thus, Vladimir Kalinin has been the chairman of the state examination commission for the training profile “Motorways” for many years. The small innovative enterprise OOO “SPbGASU-Dorservis” is successfully operating.

    The graduates were happy to see their home university and communicate with each other. The meeting began with a photo session on the balustrade and continued in the board of trustees’ meeting room, where the guests were greeted on behalf of the management by the Vice-Rector for Youth Policy Marina Malyutina. Marina Viktorovna spoke about the modern development vectors of SPbGASU. In order to instill an entrepreneurial spirit in young people, the university is implementing the Startup as a Diploma project. To increase practical orientation, it is planned to launch an elective next year, within the framework of which students will work on project tasks together with professionals. Marina Viktorovna noted that the university expects tasks for project-based learning from industry practitioners, and called on graduates to convey this information to enterprises.

    The guests viewed the exposition of the university history museum. LISI graduate Lyudmila Nikolaevna Yakovleva presented the museum with the newspaper “For Construction Personnel” from March 17, 1971. The conversation continued at the Automobile and Road Engineering Faculty.

    We asked graduates to tell us about their professional paths.

    “I consider myself a professionally accomplished person”

    In 1970, Nadezhda Fedosova entered the Leningrad Civil Engineering Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Highways, to study in the specialty of “Motorways”. She completed her studies at the Faculty of Road Construction, which was created as a result of the reform of education. Five years of study alternated with industrial practices in Leningrad and trips to student construction teams. In 1972, the student summer was spent in a construction team in the Komi ASSR in the city of Mikun, on the route of the Siyanie Severa gas pipeline, and in 1973 – at the All-Union shock construction site of the Phosphorit nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer plant. During the time spent in student construction teams and during practice, we had to do all types of road work. In addition, everyone worked on clean-up days during the major repairs of the main building of the institute.

    After graduation, Nadezhda Vasilyevna worked at the Vsevolozhsk DRSU “Lenavtodor”, which she is very happy about, because there she received professional skills in both construction issues and road maintenance.

    Since 2001, Nadezhda Vasilyevna has been working at JSC VAD as an expert in design and estimate documentation and has been assisting students of SPbGASU who come for practical training in preparing their diploma theses. Nadezhda Fedosova has been awarded certificates of honor, the medal “In Memory of the 300th Anniversary of St. Petersburg”, and the title of “Honorary Road Builder of Russia”.

    “I am grateful to fate that I did not make a mistake in choosing my profession. I am proud of it, I consider myself a professionally accomplished person thanks to our teachers, whose lecture notes I looked at even after my studies,” said Nadezhda Vasilyevna.

    “The knowledge I gained at the institute helped me to realize myself as an engineer”

    Evgeny Medres entered LISI following in the footsteps of his older brother, who worked fruitfully at Lenavtodor and advised him to enter here. Evgeny Petrovich never regretted following this advice for a minute in his life. His student life was active: Evgeny Medres played in a basketball team and a musical ensemble. He remembered his work in construction teams: in 1972, at the construction of the Siyanie Severa gas pipeline, and in 1973, at the construction site of the Phosphorit nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer plant. After graduating from LISI, Evgeny Medres worked as a foreman in Construction Department No. 5 of the Lendorstroy trust. He was a foreman, site manager, and built street and road network facilities. From 1979 to 1993, he worked at the Leningrad branch of GiprodorNII. Since 1993 – First Deputy General Director and Chief Engineer of JSC Petersburg-Dorservice.

    Under his leadership, projects for the construction, reconstruction and major repairs of more than 700 transport infrastructure facilities in various regions of Russia were developed, including the St. Petersburg ring road, the M-11 “Neva” Moscow – St. Petersburg highway, and the Kurortny Prospekt understudy in Sochi. Evgeny Petrovich was awarded the titles of “Honored Worker of Transport of Russia”, “Honored Road Builder of Russia”, and was awarded the medal of the Order “For Merit to the Fatherland” of the 2nd degree.

    Together with SPbGASU, Evgeny Petrovich is actively involved in research work, is the chairman of the State Examination Commission in the direction of “Ground Transport and Technological Means”, and heads the basic department of the automobile and road faculty at JSC “Petersburg-Dorservis”. “The knowledge I received at the institute helped me realize myself as an engineer,” he is sure.

    “Loyalty to the cause”

    Aleksandr Petrov was involved in road cycling in his senior years. “I saw and felt the condition of the roads. I thought that studying at LISI on the “roads” was an opportunity to change the situation for the better. Our coach also graduated from LISI and supported my choice. There were about five of us cyclists who applied in 1970. We could have put together a full-fledged sports team, but I was the only one who got in,” Aleksandr Vasilyevich said.

    Alexander Vasilyevich remembered the following internships: geodetic at the base in Peterhof, hydrological in Daimishche, geological in the Sablinsky caves, as well as competition evenings of faculties, a construction team in Kingisepp at Phosphorite.

    After graduating from the institute, Aleksandr Petrov worked as a foreman at DSU-6 of the Lenavtodor association for the reconstruction and major repairs of highways, rising from a foreman to the director of the Russian-American enterprise. Then he worked at the Leningrad Region Road Committee, where he rose to the rank of department head. He was awarded the titles of Honorary Transport Worker and Honorary Road Builder of Russia.

    “I am proud of my classmates who, from their first working days until their well-deserved rest (but many continue to work!), dedicated themselves to the profession they received at LISI. Deep knowledge, an excellent faculty, and a kind attitude towards students instilled in us loyalty to the cause we dedicated ourselves to in our youth. Over 50 years in the road industry, we can trace the positive changes in this area that have occurred thanks to our activities and education,” noted Alexander Vasilyevich.

    Please note: This information is raw content directly from the source of the information. It is exactly what the source states and does not reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: From a Science Festival to Film Tours: What Moscow’s Cultural Venues Have Prepared for International Children’s Day

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Moscow Government – Government of Moscow –

    The capital’s cultural venues have prepared a large-scale program in honor of International Children’s Day, which is celebrated on June 1. The first events will begin in May, Natalia Sergunina, Deputy Mayor of Moscow.

    “Concerts, master classes, quests, performances and musical performances will be organized for young residents and guests of Moscow – more than 300 events in total. For example, a large scientific festival will be held in Zaryadye Park, and new film tours will appear at the Gorky Film Studio,” said Natalia Sergunina.

    One of the main events will be the children’s arts festival “Nebo”, which will be held on May 31 and June 1 in the Muzeon Arts Park. It will bring together creative groups from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm, Voronezh, Krasnoyarsk, Tobolsk and Kaliningrad. 600 participants will perform for the audience, including theater actors, circus performers, musicians and dancers.

    During these days, the Moscow Festival of Animation and Children’s Cinema will be held in the Moskino Cinema Park. The program includes presentations of student animation works, screenings of fairy-tale plays, and a quest dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Korney Chukovsky’s Barmaley.

    On the central square, children will be able to take part in creative workshops: voice over animated films, draw their favorite character or create a 3D figurine of him. In the “Cowboy Town” decoration, there will be a staged filming of the movie “Aibolit-66”. Those who wish will be offered to dress up as the characters in the film and act in one of the scenes. Entrance by tickets to the cinema park.

    The theme will be continued at the Gorky Film Studio. On June 1, the list of excursions at the institution will be expanded with three new walks: “Cinema in Motion” for young children, “The Hero of Your Cinema,” and “Film Poster Workshop” for teenagers and adults. The focus will be on the biographies of famous actors and directors who worked here, as well as the stories behind the creation of fairy tale films, such as the film “Morozko.” Admission is paid, tickets can be purchased aton the institution’s website.

    On June 1, from 12:00 to 22:00, young visitors to Zaryadye Park are invited to the Sciencefest festival. They will enjoy talks with researchers, educational shows, practical classes, intellectual games, an interactive exhibition, and a large quest created jointly with scientists from Lomonosov Moscow State University.

    The festival at the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve will be dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Soviet film The Adventures of Buratino, based on the fairy tale by Alexei Tolstoy. The culmination of the event will be carnival processions featuring characters from popular cartoons and films.

    A number of events have been prepared by the venues of the Moscow Exhibition Halls association. Thus, on May 30 at 19:00, the Khodynka Gallery will host a lecture entitled “How to Talk to Children about Art.” The expert will speak in plain language about the trends and directions of painting in the last century and teach how to analyze works using specific examples. To attend, you need pre-registration.

    On May 31, the Belyaevo Gallery will host a talk called “Antique Toys and Games.” The audience will be presented with a unique collection of toys from leading centers of folk art and crafts: clay toys from Dymkovo, Abashevskaya, Filimonovskaya, Khludnevskaya, Kargopolskaya, wooden toys from Bogorodskaya, and many others. The start is at 12:00, admission is byonline registration.

    Thematic meetings will continue in the capital’s libraries until June 5. Young readers will be able to demonstrate their knowledge of literature, make bookmarks, create collages, listen to music, and take part in competitions of dexterity and ingenuity.

    The Vatutinki Cultural Center invites children and adults to share photos of their favorite toys and stories about them. Photos with stories should be sent from June 1 to June 8 to the email address: dkvatutinki@culture.mos.ru with the subject line “World of Childhood.” They will become part of a thematic photo exhibition that will open on June 9.

     

    Please note: This information is raw content directly from the source of the information. It is exactly what the source states and does not reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    Please Note; This Information is Raw Content Directly from the Information Source. It is access to What the Source Is Stating and Does Not Reflect

    https: //vv.mos.ru/nevs/ite/154358073/

    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Africa: South Africa’s Independent Power Producers (IPP) Office backs Youth Energy Summit

    Source: Africa Press Organisation – English (2) – Report:

    CAPE TOWN, South Africa, May 27, 2025/APO Group/ —

    We are proud to welcome the Independent Power Producers Office (IPP) as the overall Summit Sponsor of the 2025 Youth Energy Summit (YES!). The event, happening from 18-20 June in Cape Town, will unite more than 3,000 graduates, emerging professionals, and young entrepreneurs in tackling Africa’s most pressing 21st-century energy challenges.

    For a full programme and to join the debate, visit: https://apo-opa.co/4jkJTZq

    With more than 50% of Africa still lacking access to electricity, and a vast untapped potential in renewable energy, the continent has the opportunity to create up to 100 million green jobs by 2050. But how can we meet this demand? How do we bridge the skills gap? And how can youth voices be integrated into energy decision-making at the highest levels? These are just a few of the critical questions that will be explored at YES!, the world’s largest gathering of youth in the energy sector.

    Enabling South Africa’s energy sector through youth and community development has always been at the heart of the IPP office’s activities. This investment into Africa’s youth is testament to the importance the IPP Office places on youth and community engagement throughout the deals and work they are tasked to do by the government.

    Joining the IPP Office to open the Youth Energy Summit on Wednesday 18th June will be Andry Rajoelina, the President of Madagascar, African Development Bank nominee for President, Amadou Hott, and African Union Commissioner for Energy and Infrastructure, His Excellency Lerato D. Mataboge.

    Dzunani Makgopa, IPP’s chief financial officer, says: “Renewable energy is the way to go, not just nationally, but globally. YES! is a great platform to introduce young professionals to the sector. This is the place to be, and we need to empower a lot of youth to the opportunities that exist within the energy sector.’

    Simon Gosling, EnergyNet Managing Director, adds: “It’s an exciting time for young people looking to take a more productive role in energy. The IPP Office puts community engagement and job creation at the heart of its mission. This commitment to sponsor the Youth Energy Summit is an extension of its policies and aims to expose thousands of young people to the many vast and varied opportunities within the South African IPP and energy universe.”

    Established in 2023, YES! is dedicated to empowering African youth and institutions by providing resources, training, and networking opportunities within the energy sector. The summit brings together thousands of entrepreneurs, early-career professionals, educators, and students from across the continent. With the goal of building a network of 100 million young energy leaders by 2035, YES! is accelerating the transition to a sustainable energy future.

    This year’s summit will feature dynamic sessions on energy careers, skill development, and opportunities within the sector, as well as insights from recruiters, energy entrepreneurs, and industry experts. YES! also partners with top academic institutions, including the University of Cape Town, the University of the Western Cape, Eduvos, Kenyatta University, and Harambee.

    QUOTES

    “DBSA’s mission is to build Africa’s prosperity, and we’re delighted to be working with YES! to help ensure the Youth take part in and benefit from the Energy Transition. Empowering the next generation is one of the most valuable actions anyone can take.”

    Foundation sponsor Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA)

    “The Youth Energy Summit is more than a gathering – it’s a movement. Africa has the youngest population in the world, and the youth is our greatest asset in the drive towards a more sustainable, inclusive energy future.”

    Anél Bosman, Group Managing Executive, Nedbank CIB

    “Siemens Energy is at the YES Summit because we believe the bold dreams of the next generation of energy leaders can ignite a global energy revolution with real-world impact.”

    Neveen Hussein, Sustainability Leader, Middle East & Africa | Siemens Energy

    “At Pele Energy Group, we believe the true power behind the energy transition isn’t just in technology or infrastructure – it’s in people. That’s why partnering with YES! felt like more than a decision; it felt like a calling.

    Melissa Wilkinson, Chief People Person, Pele Energy Group

    “I said yes to the YES! Summit, not because of panels or speeches, but because it calls for ownership. The future of this country will not be built by someone else. It’s us, the youth, who must roll up our sleeves, lean into the discomfort, and change South Africa ourselves.”

    Layton Nenzinane, Chief Financial Officer, Seriti Green

    “EWSETA says YES to YES! because the Summit aligns with our strategic mandate to empower youth, graduates, and entrepreneurs with future-focused skills for the energy and water sectors. It offers a powerful platform to amplify our training programmes, bursaries, and impact on over 4,000 young professionals across Africa.”

    The Energy and Water Sector Education Training Authority (EWSETA)

    MIL OSI Africa –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: Harbin Institute of Technology Develops Highly Reliable Aerospace Electronic Components for National Space Technology

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: People’s Republic of China in Russian – People’s Republic of China in Russian –

    Source: People’s Republic of China – State Council News

    HARBIN, May 27 (Xinhua) — Scientists from Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) have made a breakthrough in developing highly reliable electronic components for space technology. The results of the research have been assessed by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), confirming their compliance with international leading standards, the university said Tuesday.

    Aerospace electronic components have many applications and wide coverage, including relays, contactors, connectors, circuit breakers, switches and so on, which are key electronic components for signal transmission, execution control, power distribution in the system and other functions.

    Ye Xuezhong, head of the School of Electrical Engineering and Automation at HPU and a key participant in the study, said that if the aerospace equipment control system is compared to a complex “neural network,” then aerospace electronic components can be compared to the ubiquitous and irreplaceable “neurons” in the entire neural network.

    Through interdisciplinary collaborative research, the HPU team has developed the quality consistency theory, making breakthroughs in a number of key technologies, such as high-reliability and durability design of aerospace electronic components under extreme conditions, and advanced design that ensures quality consistency throughout the life cycle, which has greatly improved the reliability and quality consistency of aerospace electronic components, thus ending the passive situation of long-term dependence on foreign products or their imitation in China. -0-

    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Asia-Pac: S6 student portal updated

    Source: Hong Kong Information Services

    The Education Bureau has updated its Designated Webpage for S6 Students to help them prepare for the release of Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) Examination results on July 16.

    The webpage provides “Reminders for 2025 HKDSE Exam & Exam Results Release” infographics  to show the important dates and points to note for students’ easy reference and future planning.

    Students can also input their predicted or actual HKDSE Examination results into the electronic tool e-Navigator to search for matching local programmes including degrees, sub-degrees and the Diploma of Applied Education.

    In addition, the bureau launched cheer up videos to encourage students to maintain a positive attitude.

    MIL OSI Asia Pacific News –

  • MIL-OSI Asia-Pac: President Lai meets delegation from European Parliament

    Source: Republic of China Taiwan

    Details
    2025-05-20
    President Lai hosts state banquet for President Surangel Whipps Jr. of Republic of Palau
    On the evening of May 20, President Lai Ching-te, accompanied by Vice President Bi-khim Hsiao, hosted a state banquet at the Presidential Office in honor of President Surangel Whipps Jr. of the Republic of Palau and his wife. In remarks, President Lai said that he looks forward to working closely with President Whipps to promote tourism exchanges and sports cooperation so that Taiwan and Palau shine brightly together on the international stage. A translation of President Lai’s remarks follows: It is a pleasure to host this banquet tonight at the Presidential Office for President Whipps, First Lady Valerie Whipps, and the esteemed members of their delegation. Welcome to Taiwan. During my trips to Palau in 2022 and last year, President and First Lady Whipps received me with great hospitality. Wearing my island shirt, I enjoyed a very friendly reception from the people of Palau. It felt warm and friendly, just like being welcomed back home. The first time I visited Palau, President Whipps and I piloted a boat to the Milky Way lagoon. We both tried volcanic mud facial masks. We also fished together and enjoyed the breeze as we walked on the beach. Last year, on my second visit to Palau, I was honored to be invited to address the National Congress. I also observed the results of the close bilateral cooperation between our two nations. Due to its world-famous ocean scenery, Palau is sometimes referred to as “God’s aquarium.” And it is even possible to snorkel with sharks. It leaves a deep impression. Nothing compares to seeing Palau firsthand. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Taiwan and Palau launched a travel bubble that created a safe means of travel. Now, with the pandemic behind us, I hope that even more Taiwanese can tour Palau and gain a greater understanding of our diplomatic ally. In addition to tourism exchanges, I mentioned on my visit to Palau last year that I hoped Taiwan and Palau could promote sports cooperation by providing training away from home. Next month, Palau will be holding the Pacific Mini Games. And right now, Palau’s national baseball and table tennis teams are holding training sessions here in Taiwan. We will do our utmost to support Palau’s national players and we hope they stand out and achieve outstanding results in the events. I look forward to working closely with President Whipps so that Taiwan and Palau shine brightly together on the international stage. Thank you! Mesulang! President Whipps then delivered remarks, saying that it is truly an honor to be here once again one year after President Lai’s inauguration. Mentioning that this is his first state visit after being reelected to a second term, he said that it is important to be here among friends, and that we are more than friends, we are family. He thanked President Lai for the generous words and, most importantly, Taiwan’s enduring support. He remarked that our relationship continues to get stronger in each passing year. President Whipps said that President Lai’s diplomacy initiative, leadership, and vision deeply resonate with them. Diplomacy must be rooted in our shared values, he said, and an unwavering support for our allies and a commitment to a sustainable, inclusive development are all deeply appreciated by their people. President Whipps emphasized that, as we look into the future and the challenges that we face, from security to climate change, it is so important that we are united. He added that it is important for the world, and especially important for them in Palau, that they stand up for Taiwan, so that Taiwan can participate on international fora that address climate change, security, and health, because they know the world is better when Taiwan has a seat at the table. Mentioning that Palau will host the Pacific Islands Forum next year, President Whipps said that Palau remains committed to working closely with Taiwan to ensure a successful event, and that they will continue to speak up for Taiwan’s indispensable contributions as we stand together against any efforts to silence or isolate democratic partners. President Whipps said that our nations have navigated challenges and emerged stronger, bound by a partnership that is built on trust, respect, and hope for a better world. Whether it is in clean energy, education, smart medicine, or tourism, our shared journey is just beginning, he said, and we are stronger together.  Also in attendance at the banquet were Palauan Minister of State Gustav Aitaro, Minister of Public Infrastructure and Industries Charles Obichang, Minister of Human Resources, Culture, Tourism and Development Ngiraibelas Tmetuchl, Senate Floor Leader Kerai Mariur, House of Delegates Floor Leader Warren Umetaro, High Chief of Ngiwal State Elliot Udui, Governor of Peleliu State Emais Roberts, and Governor of Koror State Eyos Rudimch.

    Details
    2025-05-20
    President Lai and President Surangel S. Whipps, Jr. of Palau hold bilateral talks and witness signing of cooperation agreements  
    On the afternoon of May 20, following a welcome ceremony with military honors for President Surangel S. Whipps, Jr. of the Republic of Palau and his wife, President Lai Ching-te, accompanied by Vice President Bi-khim Hsiao, held bilateral talks with President Whipps at the Presidential Office. The two leaders also jointly witnessed the signing of a technical cooperation agreement and an agreement on diplomatic staff training cooperation. In remarks, President Lai thanked Palau for standing firm in its backing of Taiwan’s international participation as geopolitical tensions continue to increase in the Pacific region. He added that he looks forward to the cooperative ties between Taiwan and Palau continuing to expand into even broader areas, allowing our economies and societies to further progress as we jointly advance peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region. A translation of President Lai’s remarks follows: I welcome our guests to Taiwan once again. Last year on May 20, President Whipps led a delegation to attend the inauguration ceremony for myself and Vice President Hsiao. I am delighted, on the anniversary of my first year in office, to meet with old friends of Taiwan again, as President Whipps returns for this visit. Taiwan-Palau relations have grown even closer in recent years thanks to the strong support of President Whipps. In 2022, during my term as vice president, I led a delegation to Palau as a demonstration of how our nations were together boosting tourism development as we jointly faced the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. Every time I visit Palau, and every time I meet with President Whipps, I feel very deeply that Taiwan and Palau are like family. We are both maritime nations and share a common Austronesian heritage and culture. We are also staunch partners in upholding such values as freedom, democracy, and respect for human rights. Last December, when I went on my first overseas trip since taking office, one of the nations I visited was Palau. We celebrated the 30th anniversary of Palau’s independence and 25 years of diplomatic relations, underscoring our friendly ties. Taiwan and Palau enjoy close exchanges and cooperation in a range of areas, including climate change, education, agriculture and fisheries, healthcare, humanitarian assistance, sports, and culture. After this meeting, President Whipps and I will witness the signing of a technical cooperation agreement and an agreement on diplomatic staff training cooperation, demonstrating once again our diverse collaboration and strong friendship. I believe that by working together, Taiwan and Palau can contribute to each other’s development and overcome the regional and global challenges we currently face. In particular, as geopolitical tensions continue to increase in the Pacific region, Palau has wisely and courageously upheld democratic values and stood firm in its backing of Taiwan’s international participation. Palau has never stopped voicing support for Taiwan, including at the United Nations General Assembly, the World Health Organization, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties, and the UN Ocean Conference. We have been deeply moved by this support. I thank President Whipps again for his high regard and support for Taiwan. I look forward to the cooperative ties between our nations continuing to expand into even broader areas. This will allow our economies and societies to further progress as we jointly advance peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region. President Whipps then delivered remarks, saying that it is a great honor for him to be here, standing in this historic place – a symbol of strength, resilience, and the democratic spirit of the Taiwanese people. On behalf of the government of Palau, President Whipps extended heartfelt gratitude to President Lai and the people of Taiwan for the warm welcome and gracious hospitality toward him and his delegation. President Whipps then extended sincere thanks for President Lai’s visit to Palau in December – his second visit to Palau – and for having Minister of Foreign Affairs Lin Chia-lung (林佳龍) attend his inauguration as a special envoy. He added that this also marks his third visit to Taiwan since President Lai took office, saying that this demonstrates the strength of our growing relationship. President Whipps indicated that the increased engagements and numerous entrepreneurs that President Lai has brought from Taiwan to Palau have resulted in fruitful visits, and that President Lai’s leadership represents hope, unity, and continued advancement of democracy and freedom, not only for Taiwan, but for the broader Indo-Pacific region. President Whipps went on to say that this visit to Taiwan reaffirms our deep friendship and shared values between our two nations. He emphasized that Palau and Taiwan are bound not by proximity, but by purpose, in that both are island nations and believe in human dignity, the rule of law, and the right of our people to determine their own futures. President Whipps stated that although we are celebrating 26 years of diplomatic relations, Taiwan has been a steadfast partner of Palau for decades, and that one of the MOUs they are signing further extends the relationship that began in December of 1984. From healthcare and medical missions, to education, agriculture, renewable energy, infrastructure, the private sector, tourism development, and climate resilience, he said, our cooperation has improved lives and strengthened our communities. The president also indicated that during the COVID-19 pandemic, Taiwan stood with Palau, noting that both sides began the tourism bubble, and that President Lai came to Palau to reopen the two weekly direct flights that have now been increased to four. That solidarity will never be forgotten, he said. As the world faces growing uncertainty and complex challenges from climate change to global tensions, President Whipps said, this friendship becomes even more vital. The president concluded his remarks by expressing hope that both nations continue to stand together, work together, and advocate together for peace, prosperity, and for the right of small nations to be seen, heard, and respected. After the bilateral talks, President Lai and President Whipps witnessed the signing of the technical cooperation agreement and the agreement on diplomatic staff training cooperation by Minister Lin and Palauan Minister of State Gustav Aitaro. The delegation also included Palauan Minister of Public Infrastructure and Industries Charles Obichang, Minister of Human Resources, Culture, Tourism and Development Ngiraibelas Tmetuchl, Senate Floor Leader Kerai Mariur, House of Delegates Floor Leader Warren Umetaro, High Chief of Ngiwal State Elliot Udui, Governor of Peleliu State Emais Roberts, and Governor of Koror State Eyos Rudimch.  

    Details
    2025-05-20
    President Lai interviewed by Nippon Television and Yomiuri TV
    In a recent interview on Nippon Television’s news zero program, President Lai Ching-te responded to questions from host Mr. Sakurai Sho and Yomiuri TV Shanghai Bureau Chief Watanabe Masayo on topics including reflections on his first year in office, cross-strait relations, China’s military threats, Taiwan-United States relations, and Taiwan-Japan relations. The interview was broadcast on the evening of May 19. During the interview, President Lai stated that China intends to change the world’s rules-based international order, and that if Taiwan were invaded, global supply chains would be disrupted. Therefore, he said, Taiwan will strengthen its national defense, prevent war by preparing for war, and achieve the goal of peace. The president also noted that Taiwan’s purpose for developing drones is based on national security and industrial needs, and that Taiwan hopes to collaborate with Japan. He then reiterated that China’s threats are an international problem, and expressed hope to work together with the US, Japan, and others in the global democratic community to prevent China from starting a war. Following is the text of the questions and the president’s responses: Q: How do you feel as you are about to round out your first year in office? President Lai: When I was young, I was determined to practice medicine and save lives. When I left medicine to go into politics, I was determined to transform Taiwan. And when I was sworn in as president on May 20 last year, I was determined to strengthen the nation. Time flies, and it has already been a year. Although the process has been very challenging, I am deeply honored to be a part of it. I am also profoundly grateful to our citizens for allowing me the opportunity to give back to our country. The future will certainly be full of more challenges, but I will do everything I can to unite the people and continue strengthening the nation. That is how I am feeling now. Q: We are now coming up on the 80th anniversary of the end of World War II, and over this period, we have often heard that conflict between Taiwan and the mainland is imminent. Do you personally believe that a cross-strait conflict could happen? President Lai: The international community is very much aware that China intends to replace the US and change the world’s rules-based international order, and annexing Taiwan is just the first step. So, as China’s military power grows stronger, some members of the international community are naturally on edge about whether a cross-strait conflict will break out. The international community must certainly do everything in its power to avoid a conflict in the Taiwan Strait; there is too great a cost. Besides causing direct disasters to both Taiwan and China, the impact on the global economy would be even greater, with estimated losses of US$10 trillion from war alone – that is roughly 10 percent of the global GDP. Additionally, 20 percent of global shipping passes through the Taiwan Strait and surrounding waters, so if a conflict breaks out in the strait, other countries including Japan and Korea would suffer a grave impact. For Japan and Korea, a quarter of external transit passes through the Taiwan Strait and surrounding waters, and a third of the various energy resources and minerals shipped back from other countries pass through said areas. If Taiwan were invaded, global supply chains would be disrupted, and therefore conflict in the Taiwan Strait must be avoided. Such a conflict is indeed avoidable. I am very thankful to Prime Minister of Japan Ishiba Shigeru and former Prime Ministers Abe Shinzo, Suga Yoshihide, and Kishida Fumio, as well as US President Donald Trump and former President Joe Biden, and the other G7 leaders, for continuing to emphasize at international venues that peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait are essential components for global security and prosperity. When everyone in the global democratic community works together, stacking up enough strength to make China’s objectives unattainable or to make the cost of invading Taiwan too high for it to bear, a conflict in the strait can naturally be avoided. Q: As you said, President Lai, maintaining peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait is also very important for other countries. How can war be avoided? What sort of countermeasures is Taiwan prepared to take to prevent war? President Lai: As Mr. Sakurai mentioned earlier, we are coming up on the 80th anniversary of the end of WWII. There are many lessons we can take from that war. First is that peace is priceless, and war has no winners. From the tragedies of WWII, there are lessons that humanity should learn. We must pursue peace, and not start wars blindly, as that would be a major disaster for humanity. In other words, we must be determined to safeguard peace. The second lesson is that we cannot be complacent toward authoritarian powers. If you give them an inch, they will take a mile. They will keep growing, and eventually, not only will peace be unattainable, but war will be inevitable. The third lesson is why WWII ended: It ended because different groups joined together in solidarity. Taiwan, Japan, and the Indo-Pacific region are all directly subjected to China’s threats, so we hope to be able to join together in cooperation. This is why we proposed the Four Pillars of Peace action plan. First, we will strengthen our national defense. Second, we will strengthen economic resilience. Third is standing shoulder to shoulder with the democratic community to demonstrate the strength of deterrence. Fourth is that as long as China treats Taiwan with parity and dignity, Taiwan is willing to conduct exchanges and cooperate with China, and seek peace and mutual prosperity. These four pillars can help us avoid war and achieve peace. That is to say, Taiwan hopes to achieve peace through strength, prevent war by preparing for war, keeping war from happening and pursuing the goal of peace. Q: Regarding drones, everyone knows that recently, Taiwan has been actively researching, developing, and introducing drones. Why do you need to actively research, develop, and introduce new drones at this time? President Lai: This is for two purposes. The first is to meet national security needs. The second is to meet industrial development needs. Because Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines are all part of the first island chain, and we are all democratic nations, we cannot be like an authoritarian country like China, which has an unlimited national defense budget. In this kind of situation, island nations such as Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines should leverage their own technologies to develop national defense methods that are asymmetric and utilize unmanned vehicles. In particular, from the Russo-Ukrainian War, we see that Ukraine has successfully utilized unmanned vehicles to protect itself and prevent Russia from unlimited invasion. In other words, the Russo-Ukrainian War has already proven the importance of drones. Therefore, the first purpose of developing drones is based on national security needs. Second, the world has already entered the era of smart technology. Whether generative, agentic, or physical, AI will continue to develop. In the future, cars and ships will also evolve into unmanned vehicles and unmanned boats, and there will be unmanned factories. Drones will even be able to assist with postal deliveries, or services like Uber, Uber Eats, and foodpanda, or agricultural irrigation and pesticide spraying. Therefore, in the future era of comprehensive smart technology, developing unmanned vehicles is a necessity. Taiwan, based on industrial needs, is actively planning the development of drones and unmanned vehicles. I would like to take this opportunity to express Taiwan’s hope to collaborate with Japan in the unmanned vehicle industry. Just as we do in the semiconductor industry, where Japan has raw materials, equipment, and technology, and Taiwan has wafer manufacturing, our two countries can cooperate. Japan is a technological power, and Taiwan also has significant technological strengths. If Taiwan and Japan work together, we will not only be able to safeguard peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait and security in the Indo-Pacific region, but it will also be very helpful for the industrial development of both countries. Q: The drones you just described probably include examples from the Russo-Ukrainian War. Taiwan and China are separated by the Taiwan Strait. Do our drones need to have cross-sea flight capabilities? President Lai: Taiwan does not intend to counterattack the mainland, and does not intend to invade any country. Taiwan’s drones are meant to protect our own nation and territory. Q: Former President Biden previously stated that US forces would assist Taiwan’s defense in the event of an attack. President Trump, however, has yet to clearly state that the US would help defend Taiwan. Do you think that in such an event, the US would help defend Taiwan? Or is Taiwan now trying to persuade the US? President Lai: Former President Biden and President Trump have answered questions from reporters. Although their responses were different, strong cooperation with Taiwan under the Biden administration has continued under the Trump administration; there has been no change. During President Trump’s first term, cooperation with Taiwan was broader and deeper compared to former President Barack Obama’s terms. After former President Biden took office, cooperation with Taiwan increased compared to President Trump’s first term. Now, during President Trump’s second term, cooperation with Taiwan is even greater than under former President Biden. Taiwan-US cooperation continues to grow stronger, and has not changed just because President Trump and former President Biden gave different responses to reporters. Furthermore, the Trump administration publicly stated that in the future, the US will shift its strategic focus from Europe to the Indo-Pacific. The US secretary of defense even publicly stated that the primary mission of the US is to prevent China from invading Taiwan, maintain stability in the Indo-Pacific, and thus maintain world peace. There is a saying in Taiwan that goes, “Help comes most to those who help themselves.” Before asking friends and allies for assistance in facing threats from China, Taiwan must first be determined and prepared to defend itself. This is Taiwan’s principle, and we are working in this direction, making all the necessary preparations to safeguard the nation. Q: I would like to ask you a question about Taiwan-Japan relations. After the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, you made an appeal to give Japan a great deal of assistance and care. In particular, you visited Sendai to offer condolences. Later, you also expressed condolences and concern after the earthquakes in Aomori and Kumamoto. What are your expectations for future Taiwan-Japan exchanges and development? President Lai: I come from Tainan, and my constituency is in Tainan. Tainan has very deep ties with Japan, and of course, Taiwan also has deep ties with Japan. However, among Taiwan’s 22 counties and cities, Tainan has the deepest relationship with Japan. I sincerely hope that both of you and your teams will have an opportunity to visit Tainan. I will introduce Tainan’s scenery, including architecture from the era of Japanese rule, Tainan’s cuisine, and unique aspects of Tainan society, and you can also see lifestyles and culture from the Showa era.  The Wushantou Reservoir in Tainan was completed by engineer Mr. Hatta Yoichi from Kanazawa, Japan and the team he led to Tainan after he graduated from then-Tokyo Imperial University. It has nearly a century of history and is still in use today. This reservoir, along with the 16,000-km-long Chianan Canal, transformed the 150,000-hectare Chianan Plain into Taiwan’s premier rice-growing area. It was that foundation in agriculture that enabled Taiwan to develop industry and the technology sector of today. The reservoir continues to supply water to Tainan Science Park. It is used by residents of Tainan, the agricultural sector, and industry, and even the technology sector in Xinshi Industrial Park, as well as Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company. Because of this, the people of Tainan are deeply grateful for Mr. Hatta and very friendly toward the people of Japan. A major earthquake, the largest in 50 years, struck Tainan on February 6, 2016, resulting in significant casualties. As mayor of Tainan at the time, I was extremely grateful to then-Prime Minister Abe, who sent five Japanese officials to the disaster site in Tainan the day after the earthquake. They were very thoughtful and asked what kind of assistance we needed from the Japanese government. They offered to provide help based on what we needed. I was deeply moved, as former Prime Minister Abe showed such care, going beyond the formality of just sending supplies that we may or may not have actually needed. Instead, the officials asked what we needed and then provided assistance based on those needs, which really moved me. Similarly, when the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 or the later Kumamoto earthquakes struck, the people of Tainan, under my leadership, naturally and dutifully expressed their support. Even earlier, when central Taiwan was hit by a major earthquake in 1999, Japan was the first country to deploy a rescue team to the disaster area. On February 6, 2018, after a major earthquake in Hualien, former Prime Minister Abe appeared in a video holding up a message of encouragement he had written in calligraphy saying “Remain strong, Taiwan.” All of Taiwan was deeply moved. Over the years, Taiwan and Japan have supported each other when earthquakes struck, and have forged bonds that are family-like, not just neighborly. This is truly valuable. In the future, I hope Taiwan and Japan can be like brothers, and that the peoples of Taiwan and Japan can treat one another like family. If Taiwan has a problem, then Japan has a problem; if Japan has a problem, then Taiwan has a problem. By caring for and helping each other, we can face various challenges and difficulties, and pursue a brighter future. Q: President Lai, you just used the phrase “If Taiwan has a problem, then Japan has a problem.” In the event that China attempts to invade Taiwan by force, what kind of response measures would you hope the US military and Japan’s Self-Defense Forces take? President Lai: As I just mentioned, annexing Taiwan is only China’s first step. Its ultimate objective is to change the rules-based international order. That being the case, China’s threats are an international problem. So, I would very much hope to work together with the US, Japan, and others in the global democratic community to prevent China from starting a war – prevention, after all, is more important than cure.

    Details
    2025-05-13
    President Lai interviewed by Japan’s Nikkei  
    In a recent interview with Japan’s Nikkei, President Lai Ching-te responded to questions regarding Taiwan-Japan and Taiwan-United States relations, cross-strait relations, the semiconductor industry, and the international economic and trade landscape. The interview was published by Nikkei on May 13. President Lai indicated that Nikkei, Inc. is a global news organization that has received significant recognition both domestically and internationally, and that he is deeply honored to be interviewed by Nikkei and grateful for their invitation. The president said that he would like to take this rare opportunity to thank Japan’s government, National Diet, society, and public for their longstanding support for Taiwan. Noting that current Prime Minister Ishiba Shigeru and former Prime Ministers Abe Shinzo, Suga Yoshihide, and Kishida Fumio have all strongly supported Taiwan, he said that the peoples of Taiwan and Japan also have a deep mutual affection, and that through the interview, he hopes to enhance the bilateral relationship between Taiwan and Japan, deepen the affection between our peoples, and foster more future cooperation to promote prosperity and development in both countries. In response to questions raised on the free trade system and the recent tariff war, President Lai indicated that over the past few decades, the free economy headed by the Western world and led by the US has brought economic prosperity and political stability to Taiwan and Japan. At the same time, he said, we have also learned or followed many Western values. The president said he believes that Taiwan and Japan are exemplary students, but some countries are not. Therefore, he said, the biggest crisis right now is China, which exploits the free trade system to engage in plagiarism and counterfeiting, infringe on intellectual property rights, and even provide massive government subsidies that facilitate the dumping of low-priced goods worldwide, which has a major impact on many countries including Japan and Taiwan. If this kind of unfair trade is not resolved, he said, the stable societies and economic prosperity we have painstakingly built over decades, as well as some of the values we pursue, could be destroyed. Therefore, President Lai said he thinks it is worthwhile for us to observe the recent willingness of the US to address unfair trade, and if necessary, offer assistance. President Lai emphasized that the national strategic plan for Taiwanese industries is for them to be rooted in Taiwan while expanding their global presence and marketing worldwide. Therefore, he said, while the 32 percent tariff increase imposed by the US on Taiwan is indeed a major challenge, we are willing to address it seriously and find opportunities within that challenge, making Taiwan’s strategic plan for industry even more comprehensive. When asked about Taiwan’s trade arrangements, President Lai indicated that in 2010 China accounted for 83.8 percent of Taiwan’s outbound investment, but last year it accounted for only 7.5 percent. In 2020, he went on, 43.9 percent of Taiwan’s exports went to China, but that figure dropped to 31.7 percent in 2024. The president said that we have systematically transferred investments from Taiwanese enterprises to Japan, Southeast Asia, Europe, and the US. Therefore, he said, last year Taiwan’s largest outbound investment was in the US, accounting for roughly 40 percent of the total. Nevertheless, only 23.4 percent of Taiwanese products were sold to the US, with 76.6 percent sold to places other than the US, he said.  The president emphasized that we don’t want to put all our eggs in one basket, and hope to establish a global presence. Under these circumstances, he said, Taiwan is very eager to cooperate with Japan. President Lai stated that at this moment, the Indo-Pacific and international community really need Japan’s leadership, especially to make the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) excel in its functions, and also requested Japan to support Taiwan’s CPTPP accession. The president said that Taiwan hopes to sign an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with Japan to build closer ties in economic trade and promote further investment, and that we also hope to strengthen relations with the European Union, and even other regions. Currently, he said, we are proposing an initiative on global semiconductor supply chain partnerships for democracies, because the semiconductor industry is an ecosystem. The president raised the example that Japan has materials, equipment, and technology; the US has IC design and marketing; Taiwan has production and manufacturing; and the Netherlands excels in equipment, saying we therefore hope to leverage Taiwan’s advantages in production and manufacturing to connect the democratic community and establish a global non-red supply chain for semiconductors, ensuring further world prosperity and development in the future, and ensuring that free trade can continue to function without being affected by dumping, which would undermine future prosperity and development. The president stated that as we want industries to expand their global presence and market internationally while staying rooted here in Taiwan, having industries rooted in Taiwan involves promoting pay raises for employees, tax cuts, and deregulation, as well as promoting enterprise investment tax credits. He said that we have also proposed Three Major Programs for Investing in Taiwan for Taiwanese enterprises and are actively resolving issues regarding access to water, electricity, land, human resources, and professional talent so that the business community can return to Taiwan to invest, or enterprises in Taiwan can increase their investments. He went on to say that we are also actively signing bilateral investment agreements with friends and allies so that when our companies invest and expand their presence abroad, their rights and interests as investors are ensured.  President Lai mentioned that Taiwan hopes to sign an EPA with Japan, similar to the Taiwan-US Initiative on 21st-Century Trade and the Economic Prosperity Partnership Dialogue, or the Enhanced Trade Partnership arrangement with the United Kingdom, or similar agreements or memorandums of understanding with Canada and Australia that allow Taiwanese products to be marketed worldwide, concluding that those are our overall arrangements. Looking at the history of Taiwan’s industrial development, President Lai indicated, of course it began in Taiwan, and then moved west to China and south to Southeast Asia. He said that we hope to take this opportunity to strengthen cooperation with Japan to the north, across the Pacific Ocean to the east, and develop the North American market, making Taiwan’s industries even stronger. In other words, he said, while Taiwan sees the current reciprocal tariffs imposed by the US as a kind of challenge, it also views these changes positively. On the topic of pressure from China affecting Taiwan’s participation in international frameworks such as the CPTPP or its signing of an EPA with Japan, President Lai responded that the key point is what kind of attitude we should adopt in viewing China’s acts of oppression. If we act based on our belief in free trade, he said, or on the universal values we pursue – democracy, freedom, and respect for human rights – and also on the understanding that a bilateral trade agreement between Taiwan and Japan would contribute to the economic prosperity and development of both countries, or that Taiwan’s accession to the CPTPP would benefit progress and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region, then he hopes that friends and allies will strongly support us. On the Trump administration’s intentions regarding the reciprocal tariff policy and the possibility of taxing semiconductors, as well as how Taiwan plans to respond, President Lai said that since President Trump took office, he has paid close attention to interviews with both him and his staff. The president said that several of President Trump’s main intentions are: First, he wants to address the US fiscal situation. For example, President Lai said, while the US GDP is about US$29 trillion annually, its national debt stands at US$36 trillion, which is roughly 124 percent of GDP. Second, he went on, annual government spending exceeds US$6.5 trillion, but revenues are only around US$4.5 trillion, resulting in a nearly US$2 trillion deficit each year, about 7 percent of GDP. Third, he said, the US pays nearly US$1.2 trillion in interest annually, which exceeds the US$1 trillion defense budget and accounts for more than 3 percent of GDP. Fourth, President Trump still wants to implement tax cuts, aiming to reduce taxes for 85 percent of Americans, he said, noting that this would cost between US$500 billion and US$1 trillion. These points, President Lai said, illustrate his first goal: solving the fiscal problem. President Lai went on to say that second, the US feels the threat of China and believes that reindustrialization is essential; without reindustrialization, the US risks a growing gap in industrial capacity compared to China. Third, he said, in this era of global smart technology, President Trump wants to lead the nation to become a world center of AI. Fourth, he aims to ensure world peace and prevent future wars, President Lai said. In regard to what the US seeks to achieve, he said he believes these four areas form the core of the Trump administration’s intentions, and that is why President Trump has raised tariffs, demanded that trading partners purchase more American goods, and encouraged friendly and allied nations to invest in the US, all in order to achieve these goals. President Lai indicated that the 32 percent reciprocal tariff poses a critical challenge for Taiwan, and we must treat it seriously. He said that our approach is not confrontation, but negotiation to reduce tariffs, and that we have also agreed to measures such as procurement, investment, resolving non-tariff trade barriers, and addressing origin washing in order to effectively reduce the trade deficit between Taiwan and the US. Of course, he said, through this negotiation process, we also hope to turn challenges into opportunities. The president said that first, we aim to start negotiations from the proposal of zero tariffs and seek to establish a bilateral trade agreement with the US. Second, he went on, we hope to support US reindustrialization and its aim to become a world AI hub through investment, while simultaneously upgrading and transforming Taiwan’s industries, which would help further integrate Taiwan’s industries into the US economic structure, ensuring Taiwan’s long-term development.  President Lai emphasized again that Taiwan’s national industrial strategy is for industries to stay firmly rooted in Taiwan while expanding their global presence and marketing worldwide. He repeated that we have gone from moving westward across the Taiwan Strait, to shifting southbound, to working closer northward with Japan, and now the time is ripe for us to expand eastward by investing in North America. In other words, he said, while we take this challenge seriously to protect national interests and ensure that no industry is sacrificed, we also hope these negotiations will lead to deeper Taiwan-US trade relations through Taiwanese investment in the US, concluding that these are our expectations. The president stated that naturally, the reciprocal tariffs imposed by the US will have an impact on Taiwanese industries, so in response, the Taiwanese government has already proposed support measures for affected industries totaling NT$93 billion. In addition, he said, we have outlined broader needs for Taiwan’s long-term development, which will be covered by a special budget proposal of NT$410 billion, noting that this has already been approved by the Executive Yuan and will be submitted to the Legislative Yuan for review. He said that this special budget proposal addresses four main areas: supporting industries, stabilizing employment, protecting people’s livelihoods, and enhancing resilience. As for tariffs on semiconductors, President Lai said, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) has committed to investing in the US at the request of its customers. He said he believes that TSMC’s industry chain will follow suit, and that these are concrete actions that are unrelated to tariffs. However, he said, if the US were to invoke Section 232 and impose tariffs on semiconductors or related industries, it would discourage Taiwanese semiconductor and ICT investments in the US, and that we will make this position clear to the US going forward. President Lai indicated that among Taiwan’s exports to the US, there are two main categories: ICT products and electronic components, which together account for 65.4 percent. These are essential to the US, he said, unlike final goods such as cups, tables, or mattresses. He went on to say that what Taiwan sells to the US are the technological products required by AI designers like NVIDIA, AMD, Amazon, Google, and Apple, and that therefore, we will make sure the US understands clearly that we are not exporting end products, but the high-tech components necessary for the US to reindustrialize and become a global AI center. Furthermore, the president said, Taiwan is also willing to increase its defense budget and military procurement. He stated that Taiwan is committed to defending itself and is strongly willing to cooperate with friends and allies to ensure regional peace and stability, and that this is also something President Trump hopes to see. Asked whether TSMC’s fabs overseas could weaken Taiwan’s strategic position as a key hub for semiconductor manufacturing, and whether that could then give other countries fewer incentives to protect Taiwan, President Lai responded by saying that political leaders around the world including Japan’s Prime Minister Ishiba and former Prime Ministers Abe, Suga, and Kishida have emphasized, at the G7 and other major international fora, that peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait are essential for global security and prosperity. In other words, he explained, the international community cares about Taiwan and supports peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait because Taiwan is located in the first island chain in the Indo-Pacific, directly facing China. He pointed out that if Taiwan is not protected, China’s expansionist ambitions will certainly grow, which would impact the current rules-based international order. Thus, he said, the international community willingly cares about Taiwan and supports stability in the Taiwan Strait – that is the reason, and it has no direct connection with TSMC. He noted that after all, TSMC has not made investments in that many countries, stressing that, on that point, it is clear. President Lai said that TSMC’s investments in Japan, Europe, and the US are all natural, normal economic and investment activities. He said that Taiwan is a democratic country whose society is based on the rule of law, so when Taiwanese companies need to invest around the world for business needs, the government will support those investments in principle so long as they do not harm national interests. President Lai said that after TSMC Chairman C.C. Wei (魏哲家) held a press conference with President Trump to announce the investment in the US, Chairman Wei returned to Taiwan to hold a press conference with him at the Presidential Office, where the chairman explained to the Taiwanese public that TSMC’s R&D center will remain in Taiwan and that the facilities it has already committed to investing in here will not change and will not be affected. So, the president explained, to put it another way, TSMC will not be weakened by its investment in the US. He further emphasized that Taiwan has strengths in semiconductor manufacturing and is very willing to work alongside other democratic countries to promote the next stage of global prosperity and development. A question was raised about which side should be chosen between the US and China, under the current perception of a return to the Cold War, with East and West facing off as two opposing blocs. President Lai responded by saying that some experts and scholars describe the current situation as entering a new Cold War era between democratic and authoritarian camps; others assert that the war has already begun, including information warfare, economic and trade wars, and the ongoing wars in Europe – the Russo-Ukrainian War – and the Middle East, and the Israel-Hamas conflict. The president said that these are all matters experts have cautioned about, noting that he is not a historian and so will not attempt to define today’s political situation from an academic standpoint. However, he said, he believes that every country has a choice, which is to say, Taiwan, Japan, or any other nation does not necessarily have to choose between the US and China. What we are deciding, he said, is whether our country will maintain a democratic constitutional system or regress into an authoritarian regime, and this is essentially a choice of values – not merely a choice between two major powers. President Lai said that Taiwan’s situation is different from other countries because we face a direct threat from China. He pointed out that we have experienced military conflicts such as the August 23 Artillery Battle and the Battle of Guningtou – actual wars between the Republic of China and the People’s Republic of China. He said that China’s ambition to annex Taiwan has never wavered, and that today, China’s political and military intimidation, as well as internal united front infiltration, are growing increasingly intense. Therefore, he underlined, to defend democracy and sovereignty, protect our free and democratic system, and ensure the safety of our people’s lives and property, Taiwan’s choice is clear. President Lai said that China’s military exercises are not limited to the Taiwan Strait, and include the East China Sea, South China Sea, and even the Sea of Japan, as well as areas around Korea and Australia. Emphasizing that Taiwan, Japan, Australia, and the Philippines are all democratic nations, the president said that Taiwan’s choice is clear, and that he believes Japan also has no other choice. We are all democratic countries, he said, whose people have long pursued the universal values of democracy, freedom, and respect for human rights, and that is what is most important. Regarding the intensifying tensions between the US and China, the president was asked what roles Taiwan and Japan can play. President Lai responded that in his view, Japan is a powerful nation, and he sincerely hopes that Japan can take a leading role amid these changes in the international landscape. He said he believes that countries in the Indo-Pacific region are also willing to respond. He suggested several areas where we can work together: first, democracy and peace; second, innovation and prosperity; and third, justice and sustainability. President Lai stated that in the face of authoritarian threats, we should let peace be our beacon and democracy our compass as we respond to the challenges posed by authoritarian states. Second, he added, as the world enters an era characterized by the comprehensive adoption of smart technologies, Japan and Taiwan should collaborate in the field of innovation to further drive regional prosperity and development. Third, he continued, is justice and sustainability. He explained that because international society still has many issues that need to be resolved, Taiwan and Japan can cooperate for the public good, helping countries in need around the world, and cooperating to address climate change and achieve net-zero transition by 2050. Asked whether he hopes that the US will continue to be a leader in the liberal democratic system, President Lai responded by saying that although the US severed diplomatic ties with the Republic of China, for the past few decades it has assisted Taiwan in various areas such as national defense, security, and countering threats from China, based on the Taiwan Relations Act and the Six Assurances. He pointed out that Taiwan has also benefited, directly and indirectly, in terms of politics, democracy, and economic prosperity thanks to the US, and so Taiwan naturally hopes that the US remains strong and continues to lead the world. President Lai said that when the US encounters difficulties, whether financial difficulties, reindustrialization issues, or becoming a global center for AI, and hopes to receive support from its friends and allies to jointly safeguard regional peace and stability, Taiwan is willing to stand together for a common cause. If the US remains strong, he said, that helps Taiwan, the Indo-Pacific region, and the world as a whole. Noting that while the vital role of the US on the global stage has not changed, the president said that after decades of shouldering global responsibilities, it has encountered some issues. Now, it has to make adjustments, he said, stating his firm belief that it will do so swiftly, and quickly resume its leadership role in the world. Asked to comment on remarks he made during his election campaign that he would like to invite China’s President Xi Jinping for bubble tea, President Lai responded that Taiwan is a peace-loving country, and Taiwanese society is inherently kind, and therefore we hope to get along peacefully with China, living in peace and mutual prosperity. So, during his term as vice president, he said, he was expressing the goodwill of Taiwanese society. Noting that while he of course understands that China’s President Xi would have certain difficulties in accepting this, he emphasized that the goodwill of Taiwanese society has always existed. If China reflects on the past two or three decades, he said, it will see that its economy was able to develop with Taiwan as its largest foreign investor. The president explained that every year, 1 to 2 million Taiwanese were starting businesses or investing in China, creating numerous job opportunities and stabilizing Chinese society. While many Taiwanese businesses have profited, he said, Chinese society has benefited even more. He added that every time a natural disaster occurs, if China is in need, Taiwanese always offer donations. Therefore, the president said, he hopes that China can face the reality of the Republic of China’s existence and understand that the people of Taiwan hope to continue living free and democratic lives with respect for human rights. He also expressed hope that China can pay attention to the goodwill of Taiwanese society. He underlined that we have not abandoned the notion that as long as there is parity, dignity, exchange, and cooperation, the goodwill of choosing dialogue over confrontation and exchange over containment will always exist. Asked for his view on the national security reforms in response to China’s espionage activities and infiltration attempts, President Lai said that China’s united front infiltration activities in Taiwan are indeed very serious. He said that China’s ambitions to annex Taiwan rely not only on the use of political and military intimidation, but also on its long-term united front and infiltration activities in Taiwanese society. Recently, he pointed out, the Taiwan High Prosecutors Office of the Ministry of Justice prosecuted 64 spies, which is three times the number in 2021, and in addition to active-duty military personnel, many retired military personnel were also indicted. Moreover, he added, Taiwan also has the Chinese Unification Promotion Party, which has a background in organized crime, Rehabilitation Alliance Party, which was established by retired military personnel, and Republic of China Taiwan Military Government, which is also composed of retired generals. He explained that these are all China’s front organizations, and they plan one day to engage in collaboration within Taiwan, which shows the seriousness of China’s infiltration in Taiwan. Therefore, the president said, in the recent past he convened a high-level national security meeting and proposed 17 response strategies across five areas. He then enumerated the five areas: first, to address China’s threat to Taiwan’s sovereignty; second, to respond to the threat of China’s obscuring the Taiwanese people’s sense of national identity; third, to respond to the threat of China’s infiltrating and recruiting members of the ROC Armed Forces as spies; fourth, to respond to the threat of China’s infiltration of Taiwanese society through societal exchanges and united front work; and fifth, to respond to the threat of China using “integration plans” to draw Taiwan’s young people and Taiwanese businesses into its united front activities. In response to these five major threats, he said, he has proposed 17 response strategies, one of which being to restore the military trial system. He explained that if active-duty military personnel commit military crimes, they must be subject to military trials, and said that this expresses the Taiwanese government’s determination to respond to China’s united front infiltration and the subversion of Taiwan. Responding to the question of which actions Taiwan can take to guard against China’s threats to regional security, President Lai said that many people are worried that the increasingly tense situation may lead to accidental conflict and the outbreak of war. He stated his own view that Taiwan is committed to facing China’s various threats with caution. Taiwan is never the source of these problems, he emphasized, and if there is an accidental conflict and it turns into a full-scale war, it will certainly be a deliberate act by China using an accidental conflict as a pretext. He said that when China expanded its military presence in the East China Sea and South China Sea, the international community did not stop it; when China conducted exercises in the Taiwan Strait, the international community did not take strong measures to prevent this from happening. Now, he continued, China is conducting gray-zone exercises, which are aggressions against not only the Taiwan Strait, the South China Sea, and the East China Sea, but also extending to the Sea of Japan and waters near South Korea. He said that at this moment, Taiwan, the Philippines, Japan, and even the US should face these developments candidly and seriously, and we must exhibit unity and cooperation to prevent China’s gray-zone aggression from continuing to expand and prevent China from shifting from a military exercise to combat. If no action is taken now, the president said, the situation may become increasingly serious. Asked about the view of some US analysts who point out that China will have the ability to invade Taiwan around 2027, President Lai responded that Taiwan, as the country on the receiving end of threats and aggression, must plan for the worst and make the best preparations. He recalled a famous saying from the armed forces: “Do not count on the enemy not showing up; count on being ready should it strike.” This is why, he said, he proposed the Four Pillars of Peace action plan. First, he said, we must strengthen our national defense. Second, he added, we must strengthen economic resilience, adding that not only must our economy remain strong, but it must also be resilient, and that we cannot put all our eggs in the same basket, in China, as we have done in the past. Third, he continued, we must stand shoulder to shoulder with friends and allies such as Japan and the US, as well as the democratic community, and we must demonstrate the strength of deterrence to prevent China from making the wrong judgment. Fourth, he emphasized, as long as China treats Taiwan with parity and dignity, Taiwan is willing to conduct exchanges and cooperate with China and seek cross-strait peace and mutual prosperity through exchanges and cooperation. Regarding intensifying US-China confrontation, the president was asked in which areas he thinks Taiwan and Japan should strengthen cooperation; with Japan’s Ishiba administration also being a minority government, the president was asked for his expectations for the Ishiba administration. President Lai said that in the face of rapid and tremendous changes in the political situation, every government faces considerable challenges, especially for minority governments, but the Japanese government led by Prime Minister Ishiba has quite adequately responded with various strategies. Furthermore, he said, Japan is different from Taiwan, explaining that although Japan’s ruling party lacks a majority, political parties in Japan engage in competition domestically while exhibiting unity externally. He said that Taiwan’s situation is more challenging, because the ruling and opposition parties hold different views on the direction of the country, due to differences in national identity. The president expressed his hope that in the future Taiwan and Japan will enjoy even more comprehensive cooperation. He stated that he has always believed that deep historical bonds connect Taiwan and Japan. Over the past several decades, he said, when encountering natural disasters and tragedies, our two nations have assisted each other with mutual care and support. He said that the affection between the people of Taiwan and Japan is like that of a family. Pointing out that both countries face the threat of authoritarianism, he said that we share a mission to safeguard universal values such as democracy, freedom, and respect for human rights. The president said that our two countries should be more open to cooperation in various areas to maintain regional peace and stability as well as to strengthen cooperation in economic and industrial development, such as for semiconductor industry chains and everyday applications of AI, including robots and drones, adding that we can also cooperate on climate change response, such as in hydrogen energy and other strategies. He said our two countries should also continue to strengthen people-to-people exchanges. He then took the opportunity to once again invite our good friends from Japan to visit Taiwan for tourism and learn more about Taiwan, saying that the Taiwanese people wholeheartedly welcome our Japanese friends.  

    Details
    2025-05-09
    President Lai extends congratulations on election of His Holiness Pope Leo XIV  
    Following the successful election of the 267th pope of the Roman Catholic Church, His Holiness Pope Leo XIV, on May 8, President Lai Ching-te extended sincere congratulations on behalf of the people and government of Taiwan, including its Catholic community. The president stated that he looks forward to working with Pope Leo XIV to continue deepening cooperation in the area of humanitarian aid and jointly defend the universal value of religious freedom, expanding and strengthening the alliance between Taiwan and the Vatican. Upon learning of the election results, President Lai directed the Republic of China (Taiwan) Embassy to the Holy See to convey a message of congratulations. In the message, President Lai extended sincere congratulations to Pope Leo XIV on behalf of the people and government of Taiwan, including its Catholic community, expressing confidence that His Holiness will lead the Catholic Church and its 1.4 billion followers worldwide with profound wisdom. President Lai also emphasized that Taiwan looks forward to continuing to work alongside the Holy See in the shared pursuit of peace, justice, religious freedom, solidarity, friendship, and human dignity. This year marks the 83rd anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between Taiwan and the Vatican. Enjoying a strong alliance, Taiwan and the Vatican share such universal values as freedom of religion, respect for human rights, peace, and benevolence, and conduct close exchanges. Taiwan will continue to engage in exchanges and cooperation with the Holy See, further strengthen bilateral relations, and work alongside the Holy See to contribute even more to the world.  

    Details
    2025-05-20
    President Lai interviewed by Nippon Television and Yomiuri TV
    In a recent interview on Nippon Television’s news zero program, President Lai Ching-te responded to questions from host Mr. Sakurai Sho and Yomiuri TV Shanghai Bureau Chief Watanabe Masayo on topics including reflections on his first year in office, cross-strait relations, China’s military threats, Taiwan-United States relations, and Taiwan-Japan relations. The interview was broadcast on the evening of May 19. During the interview, President Lai stated that China intends to change the world’s rules-based international order, and that if Taiwan were invaded, global supply chains would be disrupted. Therefore, he said, Taiwan will strengthen its national defense, prevent war by preparing for war, and achieve the goal of peace. The president also noted that Taiwan’s purpose for developing drones is based on national security and industrial needs, and that Taiwan hopes to collaborate with Japan. He then reiterated that China’s threats are an international problem, and expressed hope to work together with the US, Japan, and others in the global democratic community to prevent China from starting a war. Following is the text of the questions and the president’s responses: Q: How do you feel as you are about to round out your first year in office? President Lai: When I was young, I was determined to practice medicine and save lives. When I left medicine to go into politics, I was determined to transform Taiwan. And when I was sworn in as president on May 20 last year, I was determined to strengthen the nation. Time flies, and it has already been a year. Although the process has been very challenging, I am deeply honored to be a part of it. I am also profoundly grateful to our citizens for allowing me the opportunity to give back to our country. The future will certainly be full of more challenges, but I will do everything I can to unite the people and continue strengthening the nation. That is how I am feeling now. Q: We are now coming up on the 80th anniversary of the end of World War II, and over this period, we have often heard that conflict between Taiwan and the mainland is imminent. Do you personally believe that a cross-strait conflict could happen? President Lai: The international community is very much aware that China intends to replace the US and change the world’s rules-based international order, and annexing Taiwan is just the first step. So, as China’s military power grows stronger, some members of the international community are naturally on edge about whether a cross-strait conflict will break out. The international community must certainly do everything in its power to avoid a conflict in the Taiwan Strait; there is too great a cost. Besides causing direct disasters to both Taiwan and China, the impact on the global economy would be even greater, with estimated losses of US$10 trillion from war alone – that is roughly 10 percent of the global GDP. Additionally, 20 percent of global shipping passes through the Taiwan Strait and surrounding waters, so if a conflict breaks out in the strait, other countries including Japan and Korea would suffer a grave impact. For Japan and Korea, a quarter of external transit passes through the Taiwan Strait and surrounding waters, and a third of the various energy resources and minerals shipped back from other countries pass through said areas. If Taiwan were invaded, global supply chains would be disrupted, and therefore conflict in the Taiwan Strait must be avoided. Such a conflict is indeed avoidable. I am very thankful to Prime Minister of Japan Ishiba Shigeru and former Prime Ministers Abe Shinzo, Suga Yoshihide, and Kishida Fumio, as well as US President Donald Trump and former President Joe Biden, and the other G7 leaders, for continuing to emphasize at international venues that peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait are essential components for global security and prosperity. When everyone in the global democratic community works together, stacking up enough strength to make China’s objectives unattainable or to make the cost of invading Taiwan too high for it to bear, a conflict in the strait can naturally be avoided. Q: As you said, President Lai, maintaining peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait is also very important for other countries. How can war be avoided? What sort of countermeasures is Taiwan prepared to take to prevent war? President Lai: As Mr. Sakurai mentioned earlier, we are coming up on the 80th anniversary of the end of WWII. There are many lessons we can take from that war. First is that peace is priceless, and war has no winners. From the tragedies of WWII, there are lessons that humanity should learn. We must pursue peace, and not start wars blindly, as that would be a major disaster for humanity. In other words, we must be determined to safeguard peace. The second lesson is that we cannot be complacent toward authoritarian powers. If you give them an inch, they will take a mile. They will keep growing, and eventually, not only will peace be unattainable, but war will be inevitable. The third lesson is why WWII ended: It ended because different groups joined together in solidarity. Taiwan, Japan, and the Indo-Pacific region are all directly subjected to China’s threats, so we hope to be able to join together in cooperation. This is why we proposed the Four Pillars of Peace action plan. First, we will strengthen our national defense. Second, we will strengthen economic resilience. Third is standing shoulder to shoulder with the democratic community to demonstrate the strength of deterrence. Fourth is that as long as China treats Taiwan with parity and dignity, Taiwan is willing to conduct exchanges and cooperate with China, and seek peace and mutual prosperity. These four pillars can help us avoid war and achieve peace. That is to say, Taiwan hopes to achieve peace through strength, prevent war by preparing for war, keeping war from happening and pursuing the goal of peace. Q: Regarding drones, everyone knows that recently, Taiwan has been actively researching, developing, and introducing drones. Why do you need to actively research, develop, and introduce new drones at this time? President Lai: This is for two purposes. The first is to meet national security needs. The second is to meet industrial development needs. Because Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines are all part of the first island chain, and we are all democratic nations, we cannot be like an authoritarian country like China, which has an unlimited national defense budget. In this kind of situation, island nations such as Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines should leverage their own technologies to develop national defense methods that are asymmetric and utilize unmanned vehicles. In particular, from the Russo-Ukrainian War, we see that Ukraine has successfully utilized unmanned vehicles to protect itself and prevent Russia from unlimited invasion. In other words, the Russo-Ukrainian War has already proven the importance of drones. Therefore, the first purpose of developing drones is based on national security needs. Second, the world has already entered the era of smart technology. Whether generative, agentic, or physical, AI will continue to develop. In the future, cars and ships will also evolve into unmanned vehicles and unmanned boats, and there will be unmanned factories. Drones will even be able to assist with postal deliveries, or services like Uber, Uber Eats, and foodpanda, or agricultural irrigation and pesticide spraying. Therefore, in the future era of comprehensive smart technology, developing unmanned vehicles is a necessity. Taiwan, based on industrial needs, is actively planning the development of drones and unmanned vehicles. I would like to take this opportunity to express Taiwan’s hope to collaborate with Japan in the unmanned vehicle industry. Just as we do in the semiconductor industry, where Japan has raw materials, equipment, and technology, and Taiwan has wafer manufacturing, our two countries can cooperate. Japan is a technological power, and Taiwan also has significant technological strengths. If Taiwan and Japan work together, we will not only be able to safeguard peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait and security in the Indo-Pacific region, but it will also be very helpful for the industrial development of both countries. Q: The drones you just described probably include examples from the Russo-Ukrainian War. Taiwan and China are separated by the Taiwan Strait. Do our drones need to have cross-sea flight capabilities? President Lai: Taiwan does not intend to counterattack the mainland, and does not intend to invade any country. Taiwan’s drones are meant to protect our own nation and territory. Q: Former President Biden previously stated that US forces would assist Taiwan’s defense in the event of an attack. President Trump, however, has yet to clearly state that the US would help defend Taiwan. Do you think that in such an event, the US would help defend Taiwan? Or is Taiwan now trying to persuade the US? President Lai: Former President Biden and President Trump have answered questions from reporters. Although their responses were different, strong cooperation with Taiwan under the Biden administration has continued under the Trump administration; there has been no change. During President Trump’s first term, cooperation with Taiwan was broader and deeper compared to former President Barack Obama’s terms. After former President Biden took office, cooperation with Taiwan increased compared to President Trump’s first term. Now, during President Trump’s second term, cooperation with Taiwan is even greater than under former President Biden. Taiwan-US cooperation continues to grow stronger, and has not changed just because President Trump and former President Biden gave different responses to reporters. Furthermore, the Trump administration publicly stated that in the future, the US will shift its strategic focus from Europe to the Indo-Pacific. The US secretary of defense even publicly stated that the primary mission of the US is to prevent China from invading Taiwan, maintain stability in the Indo-Pacific, and thus maintain world peace. There is a saying in Taiwan that goes, “Help comes most to those who help themselves.” Before asking friends and allies for assistance in facing threats from China, Taiwan must first be determined and prepared to defend itself. This is Taiwan’s principle, and we are working in this direction, making all the necessary preparations to safeguard the nation. Q: I would like to ask you a question about Taiwan-Japan relations. After the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, you made an appeal to give Japan a great deal of assistance and care. In particular, you visited Sendai to offer condolences. Later, you also expressed condolences and concern after the earthquakes in Aomori and Kumamoto. What are your expectations for future Taiwan-Japan exchanges and development? President Lai: I come from Tainan, and my constituency is in Tainan. Tainan has very deep ties with Japan, and of course, Taiwan also has deep ties with Japan. However, among Taiwan’s 22 counties and cities, Tainan has the deepest relationship with Japan. I sincerely hope that both of you and your teams will have an opportunity to visit Tainan. I will introduce Tainan’s scenery, including architecture from the era of Japanese rule, Tainan’s cuisine, and unique aspects of Tainan society, and you can also see lifestyles and culture from the Showa era.  The Wushantou Reservoir in Tainan was completed by engineer Mr. Hatta Yoichi from Kanazawa, Japan and the team he led to Tainan after he graduated from then-Tokyo Imperial University. It has nearly a century of history and is still in use today. This reservoir, along with the 16,000-km-long Chianan Canal, transformed the 150,000-hectare Chianan Plain into Taiwan’s premier rice-growing area. It was that foundation in agriculture that enabled Taiwan to develop industry and the technology sector of today. The reservoir continues to supply water to Tainan Science Park. It is used by residents of Tainan, the agricultural sector, and industry, and even the technology sector in Xinshi Industrial Park, as well as Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company. Because of this, the people of Tainan are deeply grateful for Mr. Hatta and very friendly toward the people of Japan. A major earthquake, the largest in 50 years, struck Tainan on February 6, 2016, resulting in significant casualties. As mayor of Tainan at the time, I was extremely grateful to then-Prime Minister Abe, who sent five Japanese officials to the disaster site in Tainan the day after the earthquake. They were very thoughtful and asked what kind of assistance we needed from the Japanese government. They offered to provide help based on what we needed. I was deeply moved, as former Prime Minister Abe showed such care, going beyond the formality of just sending supplies that we may or may not have actually needed. Instead, the officials asked what we needed and then provided assistance based on those needs, which really moved me. Similarly, when the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 or the later Kumamoto earthquakes struck, the people of Tainan, under my leadership, naturally and dutifully expressed their support. Even earlier, when central Taiwan was hit by a major earthquake in 1999, Japan was the first country to deploy a rescue team to the disaster area. On February 6, 2018, after a major earthquake in Hualien, former Prime Minister Abe appeared in a video holding up a message of encouragement he had written in calligraphy saying “Remain strong, Taiwan.” All of Taiwan was deeply moved. Over the years, Taiwan and Japan have supported each other when earthquakes struck, and have forged bonds that are family-like, not just neighborly. This is truly valuable. In the future, I hope Taiwan and Japan can be like brothers, and that the peoples of Taiwan and Japan can treat one another like family. If Taiwan has a problem, then Japan has a problem; if Japan has a problem, then Taiwan has a problem. By caring for and helping each other, we can face various challenges and difficulties, and pursue a brighter future. Q: President Lai, you just used the phrase “If Taiwan has a problem, then Japan has a problem.” In the event that China attempts to invade Taiwan by force, what kind of response measures would you hope the US military and Japan’s Self-Defense Forces take? President Lai: As I just mentioned, annexing Taiwan is only China’s first step. Its ultimate objective is to change the rules-based international order. That being the case, China’s threats are an international problem. So, I would very much hope to work together with the US, Japan, and others in the global democratic community to prevent China from starting a war – prevention, after all, is more important than cure.

    MIL OSI Asia Pacific News –

  • MIL-OSI Europe: OSCE launches Regional Task Force on Education for Just and Inclusive Energy Transition in Central Asia

    Source: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe – OSCE

    Headline: OSCE launches Regional Task Force on Education for Just and Inclusive Energy Transition in Central Asia

    As the renewable energy sector in Central Asia grows, so does the need for a skilled and inclusive workforce to support it. In response, the OSCE and the Regional Environmental Centre for Central Asia (CAREC) officially launched the OSCE Regional Task Force on Education for Just and Inclusive Energy Transition (RTEET) in Central Asia with a kick-off meeting in Almaty, Kazakhstan, on 22 and 23 May.
    The RTEET initiative brings together key stakeholders from across Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, including representatives from ministries of energy and education, universities, technical colleges, private sector actors and development partners. Its main goals are to develop pilot curricula in renewable energy and foster long-term collaboration between the education and energy sectors.
    “Education plays a critical role in accelerating the energy transition — but it must be inclusive and adaptable” said Giulia Manconi, Senior Energy Security Adviser at the OSCE. “The OSCE is committed to supporting countries in building the human capital needed for a green and just future. This includes helping to align education systems with evolving energy demands, and empowering women and young professionals in the renewable energy sector”,
    At the two-day meeting, government officials, academic leaders, energy experts, and international partners discussed how renewable energy education can be better aligned with labor market needs, while advancing gender equality and inclusivity within the energy transition.
    Participants also reviewed the preliminary findings of a regional needs assessment conducted by the OSCE, which identified key skill gaps, institutional challenges, and priorities for curriculum development across the five Central Asian countries. The event also included site visits to the scientific laboratories of Kazakh-British Technical University and Satbayev University, where cutting-edge energy technologies were showcased.
    The RTEET initiative will run from March 2025 to May 2026. Major milestones include the development of a regional renewable energy course, pilot implementation in selected institutions, and policy consultations to help mainstream renewable energy education throughout the region.
    The initiative is part of the OSCE extrabudgetary project “Promoting Women’s Economic Empowerment in the Energy Sector in Central Asia”, funded by Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Norway and Poland.
    Further resources, materials, and updates about RTEET will be posted here.

    MIL OSI Europe News –

  • From Digital India to Digital Classrooms-How Bharat’s Internet Revolution is Reaching its Young Learners

    Source: Government of India

    Source: Government of India (4)

    New Chapter in Bharat Begins

    In a quiet village in rural Karnataka, five young friends huddle below the sprawling banyan tree wide eyed with wonder at the glow of a tablet. What might seem like an ordinary sight in a metropolitan school is a scene of silent transformation in the heart of Bharat. The internet is here — not just as a public utility, but as a storyteller, a teacher, and a window to a thousand possibilities. It’s not just technology but a revolution at work.

    Today, India moves quickly toward a digital future. And while the dust of the world rages outside, applauding the glories of fibre-optic cables adorning urban skyscrapers and metro cities, the real magic is being spun within the fields, villages, and small towns where Digital India, PM-WANI, and PM eVidya are changing destinies — especially for the young learners of this nation.

    On one of my trips to a village in Shivamogga district of Karnataka, a particular image stayed with me: that of children gathered under a tree, connecting to an internet hotspot for their online classes. Behind this is a real force: PM-WANI (Prime Minister Wi-Fi Access Network Interface), a grand scheme under Digital India.

    What is PM-WANI, and Why It Matters?

    Imagine a village school where eight students share two textbooks. Now imagine the same school with a public Wi-Fi hotspot letting every child get access to digital libraries, educational videos, virtual museums, and interactive learning apps. Which one do you think is better? This is what PM-WANI promises.

    Launched in December 2020, PM-WANI is a project under Digital India mission to democratize access to the Internet through public Wi-Fi hotspots at common places like railway stations, village squares, markets, and even under trees. Ordinary spaces have now turned into digital classrooms.

    Why is it a revolution?

    • First of all, it brings affordable, high-speed Internet where there is none.
    • Second, it removes both the geographical and the economic barriers to knowledge.
    • Third, it empowers children and communities by making digital tools accessible.

    Where PM-WANI brings the pipes, PM eVidya brings the water — rich, culturally relevant educational content for these digital pipelines.

    PM eVidya: India’s Learning Lifeline

    This program was launched in 2020, in light of the closure of schools due to the pandemic. With PM eVidya, no child was left behind in learning- no matter where they live.

    It is a complete program integrating the three modes: digital, radio, and television education, while providing various resources including:

    • Diksha platform- interactive e-content and learning tools
    • Swayam Prabha – 34 DTH channels dedicated for education programming
    • Radio School – lessons broadcast in various languages through All India Radio.

    The strength of PM eVidya is in its multi-mode access so that either the child has a smartphone, a television, or even just a simple radio. There are lessons and stories with which they can easily access to satisfy their learning curiosity.

    Already, this effort has touched more than 12 crore students across our country and opened the door completely to the avenue of knowledge and possibilities.

    The stories that technology makes possible are more inspiring to me than the technology itself. For example, in Jharkhand, I read about a girl named Rekha who attended a virtual science class for the very first time in her life, thanks to a PM-WANI hotspot near to where she lives. Another example is of children who were all gathered together in a house in Kerala to watch eVidya lessons while their parents looked on with doting awe. And in a very remote corner of Ladakh, a group of children downloaded e-books about space exploration, thereby dreaming of becoming astronauts someday. Such things are not one-off events. They are going to make quite a different normal.

    A recent government report states that so far, more than 2 lakh public hot spots have been registered under PM-WANI, and this number is increasing rapidly. Each of these is a gateway to knowledge for the children of Bharat.

    Why Does This Matter for Children’s Literature?

    As a children’s author and educator, I have realized the importance of growing with the times in terms of children’s literature. This digital revolution is not confined to cities; neither should be the stories in children’s literature. These should reflect both the old and the familiar, and the new, exciting transformations shaping their world. Kids should get the idea that technology belongs to them, that their dreams are possible.

    When kids read stories where characters, much like them, traverse through digital terrains, it creates normalcy around progress. I hope to achieve this through Little Dreamers of Bharat, by capturing this changing Bharat – where a farmer’s daughter learns coding under a banyan tree, where a young boy watches his grandmother weave patterns he then animates on a tablet. Evolving storytelling must mirror the world in which children are growing up.

    The Cultural Layer: Keeping Bharat at the Heart

    What makes this digital revolution genuinely Indian is how it merges technology with tradition. In many ways, villages of Bharat are not abandoning their roots but have digitized them.

    Diksha and Swayam Prabha offer online lessons on folk music, classical dances, ancient crafts, and regional history. What earlier survived only through oral tradition now sees recorded survival in cloud libraries. Digital India indeed does not erase Bharat’s soul; it preserves it in pixels!

    In Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, a government school set up a PM-WANI hotspot and supplemented it with online storytelling sessions in Awadhi and Hindi, introducing the children in the area to regional poetry and folk tales through smartphones. Now that’s an awesome model of culture-rooted digital literacy to replicate.

    From Possible to Powerful

    • India boasts over 1.2 billion mobile connections – and now, thanks to PM-WANI, those connections are reaching beyond city limits.
    • Over 12 crore students accessed digital lessons via PM eVidya.
    • Rural children, once excluded from digital conversations, are now coding, creating, and collaborating.

    Children who walked several miles each day to attend school can now learn coding under trees. Girls who never ventured beyond their village now participate in a science fair via the virtual medium. Villages that had no electricity now stream digital stories.

    In Tamil Nadu, there is this project called “E-Library on Wheels”, which is connecting PM-WANI networks with village libraries and enabling children to enjoy access to free e-book, virtual field trips, and video workshops on local crafts and traditions. Such stories prove how this revolution is real. What more can one ask to point out the highest degree of a revolution?

    What Else Needs to Be Done

    Great strides have been made. Yet challenges still exist. We need:

    • More local-language resources for children;
    • More digital literacy of parents and teachers;
    • Reliable power infrastructure to complement digital initiatives;
    • Stories that help reflect this new Bharat in every library and classroom.

    Digital infrastructure should be matched with social infrastructure-awareness campaigns, community centres with internet access, and culturally rich, age-appropriate digital libraries.

    The government has initiated Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan in schools to integrate digital tools in the government schools, but sustained local engagement would be significant for effective results.

    Join the Movement

    As a nation, we are penning a fresh chapter — in which technology is owned by each child, whether she is in Delhi or Doddaballapura. And, to finish writing this chapter, we need the readers, teachers, authors, parents, and policymakers to:

    • Promote and create digital content that is local and culturally embedded.
    • Help children view technology as a tool, not a toy.
    • Record and share success stories from towns and villages.
    • Help public Wi-Fi and digital learning programs thrive.

    Let’s bridge the digital divide not just with devices and networks, but stories, confidence, and culturally rooted narratives.

    The Story is Just Beginning

    We often say children are the future. But in Bharat, the future is already sitting under banyan trees watching glowing screens and dreaming big. Once again, thanks to Digital India, PM-WANI, and PM eVidya; the budding generations—their learning, growing, and connecting abilities—now seem so possible compared to how things were ten years ago.

    As a writer, I find myself in the fortunate position of bearing witness to this revolution and writing about it. We must nurture this movement, amplify its voices, and ensure that every child — whether in bustling Bengaluru or remote Bastar — feels part of India’s digital, cultural, and literary renaissance.

    That’s the kind of magic story worth telling.

    (R. Savitha is an accomplished educator and author with extensive experience developing innovative teaching-learning materials and training programs. With close to 12 years of teaching experience across grades 1 to 12 (CBSE), she has also served as the Head of the English Department in a premier CBSE school, where she led overall curriculum planning and academic initiatives. A certified teacher-trainer, Savitha specializes in enhancing communication skills, grammar, and vocabulary-building through activities. She has conducted numerous pedagogy programs for teachers, empowering them with effective strategies and innovative approaches.

    R. Savitha holds an MA degree in English, an M. Ed, and an MBA. With her vast educational background, she worked as a project manager for the foundational stage at Samvit Research Foundation, curating textbooks and teacher handbooks aligned with NEP 2020. A core member of the NCERT national team, she has contributed to the syllabus and textbook development for the Foundational and Preparatory stages. She excels in creating engaging books for children, teaching-learning materials, and designing creative activities. Her published works reflect her dedication to fostering effective and meaningful learning experiences and enhancing classroom interactions, inspiring both students and educators to explore the transformative power of language and education for the betterment of our nation.)

  • MIL-OSI Russia: Professor of the State University of Management spoke at the International scientific and practical conference on combating illegal migration

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: State University of Management – Official website of the State –

    A professor of the State University of Management spoke at the International Scientific and Practical Conference “Cooperation between Law Enforcement Agencies of Foreign States and the Russian Federation in Combating Illegal Migration”, which was held at the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. Ya. Kikot using videoconferencing.

    The conference was opened by the head of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Lieutenant General of Police Igor Kalinichenko, who gave the floor to the deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation Anastasia Udaltsova.

    The event was attended by leading scientists from educational and scientific organizations of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, representatives of practical units of law enforcement agencies, and public associations.

    Professor of the Department of Public Administration and Political Technologies of the State University of Management, member of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for Interethnic Relations and the Public Council under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Vladimir Volokh gave a report on the topic “Development of the system of managing migration processes in the Russian Federation: new approaches and mechanisms”. He noted that Russia faces a number of serious challenges in the field of migration, requiring the development of adequate and effective response measures. Solving migration problems that affect security requires a systemic approach, considered and balanced measures, as well as coordination of efforts of all public authorities.

    The professor emphasized the need to improve the system of managing migration processes in modern Russia, which is confirmed by the creation of a new migration structure – the Service for Citizenship and Registration of Foreign Citizens.

    Vladimir Volokh noted that government bodies and law enforcement agencies, together with civil society institutions, have carried out significant work to implement the Concept of the State Migration Policy of the Russian Federation for 2019–2025. This is regularly reported on the official website of the Public Council under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: 4,646 news reports have been published in 2024.

    According to the professor, there is a pressing need to develop and approve by the Head of State a new Strategy for the State Migration Policy of the Russian Federation, which should replace the current Concept.

    In addition, Vladimir Volokh presented the university with his recently published trilogy – SELECTED in 3 volumes. Volume 1. Monographs. Volume 2: Textbooks and teaching aids. Volume 3: Voice of an expert: scientific articles and speeches at key venues.

    The conference participants also discussed a wide range of current theoretical and practical issues: improving legal mechanisms to combat illegal migration, state strategies in Russia and foreign countries.

    Please note: This information is raw content directly from the source of the information. It is exactly what the source states and does not reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Global: 10 years ago Kenya set out to fix gender gaps in education – what’s working and what still needs to be done

    Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Benta A. Abuya, Research Scientist, African Population and Health Research Center

    The Kenyan government launched a big attempt in 2015 to promote gender equality in and through the education sector. This was guided by principles of equal participation and inclusion of women and men, and girls and boys in national development.

    The Education and Training Sector Gender Policy aligned with national, regional and global commitments. This included the constitution, and Sustainable Development Goals 4 on quality education and 5 on gender equality.

    Years later, however, it became clear that the government wasn’t achieving some policy’s objectives. Gaps remained in reducing gender inequalities in access, participation and achievement at all levels of education.

    The government decided to review the causes of these challenges and what could be done differently.

    This led to a two-year joint study in partnership with the African Population and Health Research Center. The study began in 2022. Its overall objective was to provide evidence for action on mainstreaming gender issues in basic education in Kenya. Gender mainstreaming generally refers to being sensitive to gender when developing policies and curricula, governing schools, teaching and using learning materials.

    The study specifically aimed to:

    1. examine how the teacher-training curriculum prepares teachers to implement gender mainstreaming strategies within the basic education sector

    2. examine how gender mainstreaming is practised in classrooms during teaching and learning

    3. assess the relationship between teaching practices and students’ attendance, choice of subjects and academic performance

    4. evaluate the availability of institutional policies, practices and guidelines to mainstream gender issues and the extent to which they influence gender mainstreaming in education.

    I’m a gender and education researcher and was part of the team from the African Population and Health Research Center that collected data for the policy review. This data came from 10 counties with high child poverty rates and urban informal settlements. These indicators highlight an inability to access one or more basic needs or services.

    The study involved teacher trainers and trainees. We also spoke to education officials, and learners in primary and secondary schools. We carried out classroom observations, knowledge and attitude surveys, questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions.



    Read more:
    6 priorities to get Kenya’s curriculum back on track – or risk excluding many children from education

    The data showed gaps in teacher training, as well as institutional and teaching practices at the basic education level. Policy wasn’t being carried through in practice.

    The gaps

    Our study found that Kenya needs to review its teacher education curriculum to make it more gender responsive.

    Teachers also need more training to follow practices that are gender responsive. These practices include extending positive reinforcement to girls and boys, maintaining eye contact and allowing learners to speak without interruption.

    Deliberate steps should be taken to ensure that schools and teacher training colleges are gender inclusive in their practices, guidelines and programmes.

    More specifically, our study found:

    • Teacher trainees had a relatively good understanding of gender-equitable teaching and learning practices. But there was a need to place greater importance on this in lesson planning and in supporting girls in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM).

    • Gender mainstreaming is not built into the teacher training curriculum. It isn’t taught as a standalone unit. Teacher trainees learnt about it mainly from general courses, such as child development and psychology, or private training. And teacher trainees were unaware that they were being tested on this.

    • There were no significant gender differences in how teachers in pre-primary and primary school taught boys and girls. At the secondary level, however, teachers engaged boys more than girls during during literacy and STEM lessons.

    • At both primary and secondary levels, gender-equitable practices positively influenced learning outcomes in English and STEM subjects. These practices improved academic performances in English at the primary level. They led to improvements in biology, English, mathematics and physics at the secondary level.

    • The odds of school attendance increased if teachers treated boys and girls in equitable ways.

    • The odds of boys selecting chemistry and physics at the secondary level increased if the teacher of the subject was approachable and if the subject was considered applicable to future careers.

    • More than 40% of primary and secondary schools didn’t have guidelines on sexual harassment and gender-based violence for teachers and students. And most of the schools that said they had these guidelines couldn’t provide them to the research team. These guidelines help mainstream gender issues in schools and communities.

    What next

    To advance gender equality, Kenya must move beyond policy awareness. It must be more responsive to gender in teacher training, classroom practices and institutional leadership.

    Our study recommends:

    • creating a positive and inclusive learning environment where both boys and girls feel valued, capable, and motivated to learn

    • teaching gender mainstreaming as a standalone unit, or integrating it into the teaching methodology

    • coaching, mentorship and modelling of best practices to trainee teachers

    • financial support for gender mainstreaming in all areas of teacher education

    • encouraging girls to pursue STEM subjects and careers at an early age through formal mentorship programmes

    • encouraging and empowering women teachers and parents to take up leadership positions in schools to provide role models for students.



    Read more:
    Kenya’s decision to make maths optional in high school is a bad idea – what should happen instead

    Our findings offer a critical evidence base for the education ministry and other stakeholders. They should put accountability mechanisms in place.

    Only through sustained, data-driven action can Kenya achieve a truly inclusive and equitable education system.

    Benta A. Abuya does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. 10 years ago Kenya set out to fix gender gaps in education – what’s working and what still needs to be done – https://theconversation.com/10-years-ago-kenya-set-out-to-fix-gender-gaps-in-education-whats-working-and-what-still-needs-to-be-done-255400

    MIL OSI – Global Reports –

  • Why Grassroot Leadership is Important for India and the Modi Government’s Vision in Facilitating the same.

    Source: Government of India

    Source: Government of India (4)

    Grassroots leadership refers to the vision, action and success that emerges from the local levels, often in communities or organizations, rather than from top-tier or centralized authorities. It involves ordinary people stepping up to address issues that directly affect their lives, using their unique insights and experiences to drive a significant change – which impacts not only their immediate surroundings but the people at large. This type of leadership invents new systems from ground zero, because adversities are many and resources are scanty.

    Grassroots leadership is crucial for a country because it fosters solutions that are more personalized and customized with reference to the sensitivities of the people, having acknowledged the first-hand experiences of dealing with the problems. The policies and decisions under such leadership are more in sync with the needs and priorities of the target users, rather than being formulated by distant, detached bosses. This kind of leadership promotes self-sufficiency where people are empowered to identify and resolve their own problems, while raising a network group dedicated to the cause. It also improves social equity by giving marginalized or underrepresented groups a voice and a platform. Grassroots leaders build trust and solidarity within their communities, creating a more resilient society. When communities learn to lead change from within, it involves people directly in the shaping of their future.

    Grassroots leadership in India has evolved significantly from ancient times to the present day, reflecting the country’s changing social, political, and economic landscape. In ancient India, village councils, or panchayats, played a crucial role in self-governance, with elders and community leaders making collective decisions. These decentralized governance systems were deeply rooted in local traditions and ensured community participation. During the colonial period, grassroots leadership took on a resistance role, as leaders like Mahatma Gandhi mobilized people through movements such as Satyagraha and Swadeshi, emphasizing self-reliance and local empowerment. Post-independence, India institutionalized grassroots leadership through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in 1992, which strengthened Panchayati Raj institutions and urban local bodies, giving power to local representatives, including women and marginalized groups. 

    Women have been at the forefront of grassroots leadership, often playing pivotal roles in community-building and social change. Their contributions however, frequently go unnoticed and undervalued. Women’s presence as grassroot visionaries are powerfully reflected in the ancient culture and history of India. Both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata introduce female characters playing pivotal roles in shaping events, often through resilience, wisdom, and influence at the community or familial level. In the Ramayana, Sita expresses agrarian expertise and herbal knowledge while she was in exile. Shabari, a tribal woman, demonstrates unwavering faith and service, engaged in gathering fruits and berries. Damayanti and Draupadi, in the Mahabharata, became servants at other’s kingdoms demonstrating their adaptations to economic hardships or adverse conditions. While Hidimbi and Satyabhama were war-trained agro experts, Gargi, Maitreyi and Sulabha took up the roles of teachers and scholars. Kunti, Gandhari and Draupadi guided their men through political and existential dilemmas, questioning injustice and lawlessness, ultimately influencing the course of history. 

    Given that we are the descendants of such a strong and able society, it is only obvious that women’s grassroots leadership in India would be powerfully rooted in empathy, inclusivity, and long-term sustainability. Other than the women-led businesses that contribute to the GDP directly, women are often the driving force behind social movements focused on justice, peace, and human rights which cleanse a society and raise better individuals, thus multiplying the number of capable contributors who can make direct contributions to the GDP. Examples are Jumde Yomgam Gamlin fighting against substance abuse in Arunachal Pradesh, Bharatanatyam artist Dr. Narthaki Nataraj spreading the message for gender equality, Moirangthem Muktamani Devi from Manipur initiating a knitted shoe-start up, uplifting knitting from its women’s hobby status and simultaneously making her way out of poverty, and many others. By recognizing and supporting the leadership of women at the grassroots level, who have made their way up battling systemic barriers and unequal access to opportunities, societies can unlock tremendous potential for social and political transformation.

    India was always a land of great leaders operating from the grassroots. What had been lacking over a long period of time was their recognition. Right from the beginning of its tenure in 2014, the Modi government had focussed on rerouting towards its roots because the world is standing at the threshold where every moment would usher a gigantic change. The model was clear. In order for the top leadership of the country to face larger storms before taming and integrating new policies and regulations into the Indian business scenario, the support of the grassroot leaders would be very essential in maintaining a healthy social and economic movement for the citizens!

    Today, grassroots leadership in India has expanded beyond governance into social activism, environmental movements, and digital advocacy, with local leaders addressing issues like climate change, gender equality, and rural development. The rise of social entrepreneurship and technology-driven initiatives has further amplified grassroots leadership, making it more inclusive and dynamic. This is increasingly vital for sustainability in the present and future, especially as rapid technological advancements and climate change are expected to disrupt the traditional ways of life. With global automation and artificial intelligence revolutionizing industries, many conventional jobs, particularly in agriculture, manufacturing, and services, will increasingly face obsolescence. This shift threatens the livelihoods of millions, especially in rural and semi-urban areas, making localized leadership essential for retraining, skill development, and economic adaptation. Grassroots leaders play a key role in preparing communities for this transformation by challenging stagnation of the masses and promoting new dreams through embracing digital literacy, fostering entrepreneurship, and encouraging sustainable employment opportunities that align with emerging industries.

    At this juncture, the world along with India is facing severe climate challenges, including unpredictable monsoons, rising temperatures, and extreme weather events that threaten agriculture, water security, and infrastructure. Grassroots leadership is critical here in mobilizing communities for climate adaptation, implementing sustainable practices, promoting water conservation, and developing disaster-resilient infrastructure. Local leaders, often deeply connected with their environments, can drive impactful change by integrating indigenous knowledge with modern solutions. India being a huge country with diverse culture, it would be difficult for a centralized system to address the exponentially growing concerns of the vast population. Growth of grassroots leaders ensures decentralized, community-driven, innovative and people-centric governance – stabilizing the effects of automation and ecological uncertainties. 

    The Modi government has undertaken numerous schemes and development initiatives to empower grassroots leadership across India, fostering local governance, entrepreneurship, and community-driven progress. Recognizing that true development stems from the empowerment of people at the ground level, these initiatives aim to equip individuals with the necessary skills, resources, and platforms to lead change in their communities, both in remote rural areas and urban centers. One of the most significant steps in this direction has been the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM), which focuses on mobilizing rural women into self-help groups (SHGs) to enhance their economic participation. By providing financial assistance, skill training, and market linkages, this initiative has empowered millions of women to emerge as local leaders in micro-entrepreneurship. The government has also promoted StartUp India and StandUp India, encouraging young entrepreneurs, including women and marginalized communities, to establish innovative businesses, ensuring a culture of self-reliance and leadership at the grassroots level. In governance, the Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP) and the Panchayati Raj System Digitization aim to strengthen local self-governance by integrating digital tools, transparency, and community-driven decision-making. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment has been further reinforced with increased financial grants and capacity-building programs, ensuring that local leaders can effectively plan and implement development projects. Additionally, the Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (RGSA) has been instrumental in enhancing the capabilities of panchayat leaders through leadership training and technological integration, fostering accountable and efficient governance. Recognizing the importance of urban grassroots leadership, initiatives like the Smart Cities Mission and AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation) encourage local urban bodies to take an active role in planning sustainable and technologically advanced cities. These programs prioritize participatory governance, where local communities and leaders contribute to urban planning, infrastructure development, and environmental sustainability. Another major initiative strengthening grassroots leadership is the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi, which provides direct income support to farmers, ensuring economic stability and empowering them to adopt innovative agricultural practices. Complementing this is the Fasal Bima Yojana, which secures farmers against climate uncertainties, allowing them to take calculated risks and lead agricultural advancements. Similarly, the Jal Jeevan Mission empowers village-level committees to oversee water supply management, ensuring sustainable water access in remote areas through decentralized governance.

    Women’s leadership at the grassroots level has been specifically encouraged through the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme, which not only promotes female education but also fosters leadership among young girls. Likewise, the Mahila E-Haat initiative provides a digital marketplace for women entrepreneurs, strengthening their financial independence and influence within their communities. Programs like Digital India and Skill India have further enabled grassroots leaders to integrate modern technology into local governance, small businesses, and educational initiatives. The PM SVANidhi Yojana, supporting street vendors with easy credit access, has also uplifted informal sector entrepreneurs, making them active contributors to urban economies.

    The Modi government achieved 100% electrification of India through initiatives like Saubhagya Yojana, bringing power to even the remotest villages. This milestone has transformed lives by boosting education, healthcare, and businesses, ensuring energy access for all, fostering economic growth, and enhancing India’s global standing in sustainable development and infrastructure advancement. The Digital India initiative by the Modi government has revolutionized governance, economy, and daily life through increased internet penetration, digital payments (UPI), e-governance, and Aadhaar-linked services. It has empowered citizens, boosted startups, enhanced transparency, and made services more accessible, driving India toward a digitally inclusive and self-reliant future. The financial push offered through UPI, Jan Dhan Yojana, and MSME digital lending has empowered small businesses by ensuring easy transactions, financial inclusion, and quick credit access. This has reduced dependency on cash, increased transparency, and boosted economic growth, making India a global leader in fintech innovation.

    Through these initiatives and more, the Modi government is creating an environment where grassroots leaders—whether in villages, towns, or metropolitan areas—are equipped with resources and skills to drive change. This holistic approach ensures that leadership is not concentrated at the top but flourishes at every level, securing a resilient and innovative future for India. The call for action at local and individual levels has also been topped with fair recognition systems to celebrate the front-runners and inspire others to follow suit. The transformation of the Padma Awards into a “People’s Award,” where citizens can nominate deserving individuals through a democratic process, plays a significant role in that vision. Traditionally perceived as honors reserved for elites, bureaucrats, or celebrities, the Modi government has repositioned these awards to recognize the contributions of unsung heroes—ordinary individuals making extraordinary impacts in their communities. This shift not only elevates grassroots leaders but also creates a ripple effect, inspiring millions to take initiative in their own spheres.

    By celebrating success stories of farmers innovating in agriculture, social workers uplifting marginalized communities, artisans preserving cultural heritage, and environmentalists leading conservation efforts, the Padma Awards highlight real-life examples of leadership that emerges from the urban, rural and remote geographies. These stories showcase how dedication, resilience, and ingenuity can drive meaningful change, regardless of formal authority or social status. When local leaders, who often work in anonymity, receive national recognition, it reinforces the idea that transformative contributions are valued and acknowledged by the nation. Also, making the nomination process open to the public allows citizens to identify and elevate role models from their own communities, fostering a sense of collective responsibility toward nation-building. By honoring individuals from remote villages, tribal communities, and lesser-known professions, the awards challenge traditional notions of success, promoting a broader, more inclusive definition of leadership. In the era of remarkable changes, it is only obvious for the citizens of the country to participate and take ownership of change, instead of staying detached, ensuring the spirit of nation-building is a shared emotion across every corner of the country.

    (Koral Dasgupta is an accomplished author and content curator with over 20 years of experience. Her diverse work spans academic non-fiction to relationship dramas, focusing on gender narratives and complex human emotions. Koral founded Tell Me Your Story, a platform that uses literature to inspire social engagement and drive behavioral change for inclusion and diversity. She designs and executes learning programs, conducts writing workshops, and curates content for events focused on gender and mythology. Koral has been an advisory member of the Central Board for Film Certification.

    She holds an MBA in Marketing and a BA in Economics. With her qualifications, she continues to explore the journeys of mythological women further through the lenses of spirituality, leadership, and sexuality, and her Sati Series is widely acclaimed across the circles. Her notable achievements include being shortlisted for the Sahitya Academy Awards in 2023, securing a five-book contract with Pan Macmillan, and cataloging her books in prestigious libraries such as Harvard and Columbia University. Her works have earned her recognition as an Innovator25 Asia Pacific in 2019 and a spot in Outlook Business’ Women of Wonder list. Koral continues to weave narratives that empower voices, inspire change, and reshape perspectives on gender and human connection.)

  • MIL-OSI Russia: HSE Linguists Find Out How Bilinguals Use Numeral Constructions in Russian

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: State University Higher School of Economics – State University Higher School of Economics –

    HSE researchers identified more than 4,000 examples of oral Russian speech by bilinguals from seven regions of Russia and found that most non-standard forms in constructions with numerals are associated not only with their native language, but also with how often the expression occurs in everyday speech. For example, the phrases “two hours” or “five kilometers” almost always match the literary version, but less familiar expressions, especially with numerals from two to four, as well as with collective forms like “two” or “three,” often sound different. Study published in the International Journal of Bilingualism.

    Russian numerals confuse not only foreigners, but also native speakers. Difficulties also arise for bilinguals – people who speak two or more languages fluently. Some research show that the grammar of the first language, such as Nanai or Ulchi, influences the subsequent acquisition of Russian. However, scientists believe that the influence of the native language is only one of the factors.

    Researchers from International Language Convergence Laboratory HSE University analyzed how bilinguals from different regions of Russia use numerals in oral speech in Russian. To do this, they processed seven collections of interviews recorded in Dagestan, Bashkiria, Chuvashia, Mari El, Karelia and other regions. The sample included stories of more than 180 people speaking 21 languages. Each collection contained recordings of live conversations in which participants answered researchers’ questions and shared stories about themselves, their families, and life in the village. From more than 7,000 phrases with numerals, the researchers selected about 4,000 suitable for analysis, excluding constructions with ordinal numerals and indirect cases.

    The results showed that it is not only the native language that influences the frequency of errors. Other factors are also important: level of education, age, but above all, how often the expression occurs in speech. The more familiar the phrase, for example, “two hours” or “five kilometers,” the less likely it is to encounter a non-standard form. This confirms the hypothesis that language structures are learned not through rules, but through regular use.

    “It cannot be said that when bilinguals use Russian, they simply project the grammar of their native language onto it. Even if a native speaker grew up in an environment where numerals work differently than in Russian, this does not mean that in their Russian speech they will systematically copy the structures of their native language,” explains one of the authors of the article, a research fellow at the International Laboratory of Language Convergence, associate professor Faculty of Humanities HSE University Chiara Naccarato.

    Numerals from two to four, as well as collective forms like “two” and “three,” turned out to be especially difficult for survey participants—they were noticeably more often used in non-standard form.

    The data obtained is important not only for linguists, but also for teachers: it allows us to understand which areas of grammar require more attention. In the future, the authors plan to study other areas in which the native language can (or cannot) influence the acquisition of Russian.

    Please note: This information is raw content directly from the source of the information. It is exactly what the source states and does not reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI United Kingdom: Invergowrie Primary School nursery class scores trio of digital learning awards

    Source: Scotland – City of Perth

    he class has received the Digital Learning Through Play Award in Early Learning, Equitable Creative Coding Award and Digital Wellbeing Award, and are the first setting in Perth and Kinross to gain all three awards together.  

    The Digital Learning Through Play Award in Early Learning recognises and celebrates the impressive digital journey that the setting has been on. In the award report for Invergowrie, it was highlighted that digital learning is embedded throughout the setting and is very much co-led with the children. Unplugged learning and digital technology are being used to support quality learning through play, helping to inspire children and families to access the benefits of digital learning.  The use of technology helps instil a sense of community and is part of the nursery culture.   

    The Equitable Creative Coding Award (ECCo), recognises the innovative and inclusive approaches to computational thinking and coding.  Invergowrie Nursery have invested in digital technologies to motivate and inspire, equipping children with essential skills for life and work, and encouraging them to be curious and explore different things.  The award report also noted a clear desire to lead in the embedding of film and screen across early level and support Education Scotland’s commitment to this part of the expressive arts curriculum.   

    The Digital Wellbeing Award highlights that digital wellbeing is integrated into the vision and development work of the setting.  The nursery inspires safe and responsible behaviour and shares helpful advice and support for parents and carers on e-safety.  There is a strong engagement with parents and carers and this work helps parents feel empowered to support their children in safe online practices at home.  

    Linda McGavin, Senior Early Childhood Practitioner at Invergowrie Nursery Class said: “We are delighted to have achieved all three digital awards.  This recognition holds significant importance for our Nursery and reaffirms our ongoing commitment to continuous improvement in digital learning. We aim to empower children to explore, create, and innovate in an increasingly digital world”. 

    “We are grateful for the support of initiatives like the Digital Schools Awards in promoting digital learning in our settings.” 

    Convener of Learning and Families, Councillor John Rebbeck said: “Congratulations to Invergowrie Primary School nursery class for this fantastic achievement. It’s important that our children and young people can use digital technology to improve their learning and prepare them for later life and the working world where computers are for many of us a key element of day-to-day activities. I also welcome the focus on digital wellbeing where the nursery has engaged with parents and families to help them feel confident about online learning and activity at home.” 

    MIL OSI United Kingdom –

  • MIL-OSI Economics: Lisa D Cook: A view on financial stability

    Source: Bank for International Settlements

    Thank you, Alessandra, for organizing us today, and thanks to you, Veronica Guerrieri, and Marina Azzimonti for initiating this effort seven years ago. I am honored to be with so many friends in macroeconomics at the 2025 Women in Macro Conference. I still read, recommend, and cite your work and am grateful to New York University and the University of Chicago for supporting this conference and this research.

    How has the arc of mainstream macroeconomic research become more closely integrated with issues related to financial stability? This question is what I would like to discuss today. I applaud the advances in incorporating financial stability into macroeconomic models, which have significantly enhanced our understanding of financial market functioning and its effect on the economy. It is a topic that holds special importance to me as a macroeconomist who has worked at the intersection of macroeconomics and finance since my dissertation and as the chair of the Federal Reserve Board’s Committee on Financial Stability. I would like to then offer my assessment of the stability of the U.S. financial system.

    Financial stability supports the objectives assigned to the Federal Reserve, including full employment and stable prices, a safe and sound banking system, and an efficient payments system. A financial system is considered stable when banks, other lenders, and financial markets are able to provide households, communities, and businesses with the financing they need to invest, grow, and participate in a well-functioning economy – and can do so even when hit by adverse events, or “shocks.” Financial instability, by contrast, arises when vulnerabilities – such as asset bubbles, excessive leverage, liquidity mismatches, or interconnected exposures – can build up to such an extent that they can amplify different shocks and threaten the core functions of the system and the functioning of the broader economy.

    MIL OSI Economics –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: The training of forensic experts and the production of forensic examinations were discussed at SPbGASU

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering – Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering – Dmitry Ivanov (behind the podium), Andrey Kokin, Oksana Dyakonova and Petr Kozin

    The National (All-Russian) scientific and practical conference “Improving the training of forensic experts and the production of forensic examinations in modern conditions” was held at SPbGASU. Current issues of professional training of forensic experts, modern technical and scientific-methodological support for the production of forensic examinations, as well as issues of legal, informational, financial and organizational support for forensic activities were discussed at a plenary session, two sections and at the podium of young scientists. In total, about 90 specialists and students from different regions of the country spoke.

    Opening the plenary session, Dmitry Ivanov, Chairman of the Organizing and Scientific Committees of the conference, Dean of the Faculty of Forensic Expertise and Law in Construction and Transport at SPbGASU, noted that the scientific community and the industry need to gather at one site, exchange experiences, discuss current problems and consider their possible solutions. He read out an address from the Rector of SPbGASU Evgeny Rybnov, who emphasized the importance of the presence at the conference of representatives of both the professional community, leading scientists, and students, whose ideas and initiatives will contribute to expanding the potential of the conference and successfully solving its tasks. “The conference is intended to become an effective platform for constructive dialogue on issues, including improving the quality of education,” the address said.

    So that there is no subjective opinion

    In his speech, Professor of the Department of Weapons Science and Trace Science of the Educational and Scientific Complex of Forensic Examinations of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. Ya. Kikot, Chief State Forensic Expert of the Department of Trace and Ballistic Examinations of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Russian Federal State Center of Forensic Examinations named after Professor A. R. Shlyakhov under the Ministry of Justice of Russia” Andrey Kokin emphasized the factors of subjectivity in forensic examination.

    “Prejudice, that is, a biased or negative attitude, personal opinion or assessment based on stereotypes rather than specific experience or knowledge, has its own reasons in forensic examination. Among them are providing the expert with case materials that are not necessary, violation of the sequence of methodological actions, subordination of forensic units to law enforcement agencies. At the same time, there are ways to minimize the influence of subjectivity on forensic examination. The first is to increase the transparency of all stages of a detailed study, without ignoring points that seem insignificant at first glance. The second involves analyzing the expert’s conclusion by specialists with experience in a specific examination. This analysis must comply with certain principles: the specialist must record the entire course of the study and document his comments in one form or another, for example, in diagrams, graphs, displaying the most important and critical points on the basis of which conclusions can be drawn. In general, the conclusion must be understandable to all participants in the proceedings,” explained Andrey Kokin.

    Professor of the Department of Legal Regulation of Urban Development and Transport at SPbGASU Ivan Ivanov recalled that, according to statistics, 334 people were convicted of false expert opinions under various articles in 2023, and 317 in 2024.

    “Forensic and investigative practice with enviable consistency identifies and examines cases of false expert opinions, prepared intentionally. The scientific community believes that the responsibility of experts for knowingly false opinions is clearly insufficient and needs to be improved. Foreign criminal legislation is much stricter. For example, in France, for a knowingly false expert opinion, they sentence to five years in prison with a fine of 500 thousand euros. We propose introducing into the legislation a punishment in the form of a ban on holding a position and engaging in expert activity for up to three years. I think that in this case, all current legislative measures will be strengthened,” concluded Ivan Ivanov.

    How to improve the quality of education

    Oksana Dyakonova, professor of the forensic examination department at the Moscow State Law University named after O. E. Kutafin, voiced proposals for improving the quality of education in the specialty “Forensic examination”.

    “Firstly, it is necessary to increase the number of hours for fundamental disciplines – forensic science and forensic expertology, while introducing a reasonable combination of lectures and practical classes in different forms: laboratory work, field practical classes at forensic organizations. Secondly, it is necessary to exclude from the educational program disciplines that are not aimed at developing the much-needed competence of a future forensic expert, but are generalized and duplicate the main legal disciplines in content. Thirdly, it is necessary to increase students’ interest in participating in research projects, including under the joint supervision of a university teacher and a practicing expert,” Oksana Dyakonova believes.

    She also proposed to expand the training of forensic experts in master’s programs and programs of additional professional education in certain types and kinds of forensic examinations for persons with basic legal education. The expert doubted that graduates of a bachelor’s degree with a specialized education far removed from expertise would be able to become highly professional experts after completing a master’s degree.

    Professor, senior expert of RMS-OTSENKA LLC Petr Kozin refuted this opinion with his own example: by basic education he is a civil engineer, and he underwent retraining in expert activity. His colleague is a graduate of LISI (now SPbGASU), also an engineer Dmitry Kuznetsov. Based on extensive experience in conducting forensic examinations, the company’s representatives developed a draft of methodological recommendations for forensic cost (appraisal) examination.

    “In our methodology, we defined the type and kind of cost and appraisal expertise, which has not yet been done at the legislative level. Accordingly, there are no methodological recommendations, although in practice, disputes about cost arise most often. However, if conducting a forensic examination is prescribed by law, then conducting an appraisal study is not. Due to the absence of any legal acts, during the research we rely on information from various reference books. In addition, for this reason, we cannot examine a number of objects. Our methodology streamlines this process and assumes a broader approach that the appraiser uses. At the same time, it does not contradict the current legislation,” explained Petr Kozin.

    He proposed a number of recommendations included in the methodology. Thus, in the case of a lack of information for a comparative approach, analogs of relations or properties should be used, including from the practice of past years.

    Neural networks and drones

    In addition to knowledge of forensic expertise itself, a modern specialist needs knowledge in the field of digital technologies, noted Oksana Dyakonova. She recalled that already now in many examinations objects are presented in digital form.

    Professor of the Department of Forensic Science at SPbGASU Valery Kharchenko spoke about the department’s scientific research, which helps to teach students advanced digital competencies, and also allows the use of high-tech research methods in engineering and technical forensic science. Based on experience, the professor explained that, for example, the use of neural networks speeds up the research period, increases their accuracy and accessibility so much that they can be carried out using a regular phone. Professor of the Department of Forensic Technology of the Educational and Scientific Complex of Forensic Science and Research at the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Olga Dronova told how an unmanned technical vehicle became a tool for technical and forensic support and an object of expert research. The efficiency is similar: accuracy, accessibility, speed.

    Legal Gaps

    Irina Vishnevskaya, Director of the State Autonomous Healthcare Institution “Republican Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan”, touched upon the problems of legal regulation of forensic medical activities and ways to solve them in Tatarstan.

    Vadim Epshteyn, Director of Development of the ChEU “City Institution of Forensic Expertise” (St. Petersburg), explained current issues of collecting funds for forensic examinations conducted in civil proceedings.

    “Today, one of the significant problems has become the colossal debts for completed examinations in civil proceedings. For many years, legislative norms were simply ignored, and the problem acquired unimaginable proportions: by the end of 2023, the debt for such examinations to the expert system of the Ministry of Justice reached about 750 million rubles. Obviously, the debt to experts of the non-governmental sector, taking into account their number, is even greater. In 2023, the Constitutional Court identified the existing problem and ordered the legislative authorities to develop recommendations for their elimination. In 2024, amendments were made to the Civil Procedure Code, where a number of norms that contributed to the emergence of these debts were eliminated. For example, now the code clearly states: payment for the examination is made based on the results of the meeting at which the examination was considered,” said Vadim Epshtein.

    Despite all the positive expectations, the problem is getting worse, the expert added. And it is due to the specifics of the work of the courts and the judicial department: in many cases, the parties who are responsible for paying for the examination initially deposit a minimum amount into the account. When it will be possible to receive the remaining amount is a question, since the courts take into account the very fact of depositing funds. There are only a few courts that are engaged in further adjustment of amounts, since the legislation does not oblige them to do so, and therefore the remaining payment is delayed for a long time.

    Tribune of young scientists

    The “Young Scientists’ Tribune” section attracted the largest number of speakers. The fifth-year student of SPbGASU Yulia Sedykh was interested in the conference due to the large amount of information on modern technologies of engineering and technical expertise, and current problems of the industry. The topic of her speech concerned the logical foundations of expert research from the point of view of algorithmization.

    “My work is dedicated to the creation and implementation of algorithms that work with the help of modern technologies, such as CAD – construction design systems, unmanned aerial vehicles with built-in machine vision, neural networks, into traditional methods of expert examination. I offer mechanisms and specific software products for writing modern methods of certain types of forensic examinations,” Yulia explained.

    Third-year student of SPbGASU Anastasia Savintseva in her research examined complex ethical issues – the lack of specificity regarding the essence of expert ethics and its proper consolidation. “I propose to solve this problem by expanding the list of principles presented in Federal Law No. 73, adding such as responsibility, integrity, organization, incorruptibility. Another option is to form such a general principle as the ethics of the activities of a forensic expert. It would allow us to unite all the moral principles that forensic experts should be guided by,” Anastasia said.

    Anastasia noted that the conference allowed her to broaden her horizons both in expertology and in related disciplines, to understand that each study is unique, and to pay attention to some aspects of expert activity that she had not thought about before.

    Please note: This information is raw content directly from the source of the information. It is exactly what the source states and does not reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: Happy City Day, Saint Petersburg!

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering – Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering –

    Today marks 322 years since the founding of our beautiful city of St. Petersburg.

    Petersburg is not just a point on the map: it is a symbol of Russia’s greatness, a city of rich culture and science, a source of inspiration for many generations. SPbGASU is proud to be a part of its history and a part of its new achievements.

    Our university played an important role in the development of the city: in different historical periods, talented engineers, scientists and architects studied and worked here, leaving a bright mark on the appearance of the Northern capital. Many famous buildings of the city on the Neva were created by students of the oldest technical university in Russia. The St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering continues to work for the benefit of the city today, preserving its historical heritage, constructing new buildings, improving the city infrastructure.

    We wish our city prosperity and well-being, and its residents health, happiness and success in all endeavors!

    Please note: This information is raw content directly from the source of the information. It is exactly what the source states and does not reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Africa: 10 years ago Kenya set out to fix gender gaps in education – what’s working and what still needs to be done

    Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Benta A. Abuya, Research Scientist, African Population and Health Research Center

    The Kenyan government launched a big attempt in 2015 to promote gender equality in and through the education sector. This was guided by principles of equal participation and inclusion of women and men, and girls and boys in national development.

    The Education and Training Sector Gender Policy aligned with national, regional and global commitments. This included the constitution, and Sustainable Development Goals 4 on quality education and 5 on gender equality.

    Years later, however, it became clear that the government wasn’t achieving some policy’s objectives. Gaps remained in reducing gender inequalities in access, participation and achievement at all levels of education.

    The government decided to review the causes of these challenges and what could be done differently.

    This led to a two-year joint study in partnership with the African Population and Health Research Center. The study began in 2022. Its overall objective was to provide evidence for action on mainstreaming gender issues in basic education in Kenya. Gender mainstreaming generally refers to being sensitive to gender when developing policies and curricula, governing schools, teaching and using learning materials.

    The study specifically aimed to:

    1. examine how the teacher-training curriculum prepares teachers to implement gender mainstreaming strategies within the basic education sector

    2. examine how gender mainstreaming is practised in classrooms during teaching and learning

    3. assess the relationship between teaching practices and students’ attendance, choice of subjects and academic performance

    4. evaluate the availability of institutional policies, practices and guidelines to mainstream gender issues and the extent to which they influence gender mainstreaming in education.

    I’m a gender and education researcher and was part of the team from the African Population and Health Research Center that collected data for the policy review. This data came from 10 counties with high child poverty rates and urban informal settlements. These indicators highlight an inability to access one or more basic needs or services.

    The study involved teacher trainers and trainees. We also spoke to education officials, and learners in primary and secondary schools. We carried out classroom observations, knowledge and attitude surveys, questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions.

    Read more: 6 priorities to get Kenya’s curriculum back on track – or risk excluding many children from education

    The data showed gaps in teacher training, as well as institutional and teaching practices at the basic education level. Policy wasn’t being carried through in practice.

    The gaps

    Our study found that Kenya needs to review its teacher education curriculum to make it more gender responsive.

    Teachers also need more training to follow practices that are gender responsive. These practices include extending positive reinforcement to girls and boys, maintaining eye contact and allowing learners to speak without interruption.

    Deliberate steps should be taken to ensure that schools and teacher training colleges are gender inclusive in their practices, guidelines and programmes.

    More specifically, our study found:

    • Teacher trainees had a relatively good understanding of gender-equitable teaching and learning practices. But there was a need to place greater importance on this in lesson planning and in supporting girls in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM).

    • Gender mainstreaming is not built into the teacher training curriculum. It isn’t taught as a standalone unit. Teacher trainees learnt about it mainly from general courses, such as child development and psychology, or private training. And teacher trainees were unaware that they were being tested on this.

    • There were no significant gender differences in how teachers in pre-primary and primary school taught boys and girls. At the secondary level, however, teachers engaged boys more than girls during during literacy and STEM lessons.

    • At both primary and secondary levels, gender-equitable practices positively influenced learning outcomes in English and STEM subjects. These practices improved academic performances in English at the primary level. They led to improvements in biology, English, mathematics and physics at the secondary level.

    • The odds of school attendance increased if teachers treated boys and girls in equitable ways.

    • The odds of boys selecting chemistry and physics at the secondary level increased if the teacher of the subject was approachable and if the subject was considered applicable to future careers.

    • More than 40% of primary and secondary schools didn’t have guidelines on sexual harassment and gender-based violence for teachers and students. And most of the schools that said they had these guidelines couldn’t provide them to the research team. These guidelines help mainstream gender issues in schools and communities.

    What next

    To advance gender equality, Kenya must move beyond policy awareness. It must be more responsive to gender in teacher training, classroom practices and institutional leadership.

    Our study recommends:

    • creating a positive and inclusive learning environment where both boys and girls feel valued, capable, and motivated to learn

    • teaching gender mainstreaming as a standalone unit, or integrating it into the teaching methodology

    • coaching, mentorship and modelling of best practices to trainee teachers

    • financial support for gender mainstreaming in all areas of teacher education

    • encouraging girls to pursue STEM subjects and careers at an early age through formal mentorship programmes

    • encouraging and empowering women teachers and parents to take up leadership positions in schools to provide role models for students.

    Read more: Kenya’s decision to make maths optional in high school is a bad idea – what should happen instead

    Our findings offer a critical evidence base for the education ministry and other stakeholders. They should put accountability mechanisms in place.

    Only through sustained, data-driven action can Kenya achieve a truly inclusive and equitable education system.

    – 10 years ago Kenya set out to fix gender gaps in education – what’s working and what still needs to be done
    – https://theconversation.com/10-years-ago-kenya-set-out-to-fix-gender-gaps-in-education-whats-working-and-what-still-needs-to-be-done-255400

    MIL OSI Africa –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: Students of the State University of Management are laureates of the All-Russian competition for the best scientific article

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: State University of Management – Official website of the State –

    As part of the annual All-Russian scientific conference of young researchers with international participation “Economy Today: Current State and Development Prospects (Vector-2025)”, an All-Russian competition for the best scientific article was held.

    Students from 85 universities in Russia, Belarus, China and Vietnam applied to participate in the conference this year. Young scientists presented their research papers, in which they examined current issues in the industry, regional and global economy, management and marketing, financial management and the labor market.

    Students of the State University of Management Victoria Kostikova and Yulia Popova became laureates of the All-Russian competition for the best scientific article. Their work on the topic “The Impact of Sanctions on BRICS and Countermeasures: New Models of Economic Interaction”, written under the supervision of Associate Professor of the Department of World Economy and International Economic Relations of the State University of Management Ekaterina Karelina, was highly appreciated by the expert committee.

    Young scientists analyzed the impact of sanctions on the BRICS countries, examined emerging models of economic interaction in response to the West’s sanctions policy, and described possible scenarios for economic partnership based on the principles of multipolarity, technological sovereignty, and mutually beneficial long-term cooperation.

    We congratulate our students and wish them further success in the scientific field!

    Please note: This information is raw content directly from the source of the information. It is exactly what the source states and does not reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Global: How vitamin B12 deficiency may disrupt pregnant women’s bodies

    Source: The Conversation – UK – By Adaikala Antonysunil, Senior Lecturer in Biochemistry, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University

    Just Life/Shutterstock

    Despite living in an age of dietary abundance, vitamin B12 deficiency is on the rise.

    One major culprit? Our growing reliance on ultra-processed foods (UPFs) – those convenient, calorie-dense and nutrient-poor products that dominate supermarket shelves. While they might fill us up, they’re fuelling a global epidemic of “hidden hunger”.

    This refers to a lack of essential micronutrients including B12, folate, iron and zinc, even when people consume enough (or too many) calories. It’s often invisible but can have long-term consequences, particularly for vulnerable groups like pregnant women, children and the elderly.

    B12 deficiency in pregnancy, especially in the context of a diet high in ultra-processed foods, can disturb how fat is processed and increase systemic inflammation. This raises the risk of long-term health problems for both mother and baby.

    Get your news from actual experts, straight to your inbox. Sign up to our daily newsletter to receive all The Conversation UK’s latest coverage of news and research, from politics and business to the arts and sciences.

    A recent study shed light on how B12 deficiency during pregnancy may disrupt two critical systems in the body: fat metabolism and inflammation – both of which are closely linked to chronic diseases like heart disease and type 2 diabetes.

    Researchers studied fat tissue from 115 pregnant women with low B12 levels, focusing on two types of abdominal fat: subcutaneous (under the skin) and omental or visceral (around the organs). They also examined lab-grown fat cells exposed to different B12 levels and collected samples from women of different body weights.

    The results were striking. Women with low B12 had higher body weight and lower levels of HDL (the “good” form of cholesterol). Their fat cells showed increased fat storage, reduced fat breakdown, and impaired mitochondrial function – the energy engines inside our cells.

    Most concerning, these women’s fat tissue released higher levels of inflammatory molecules, suggesting that B12 deficiency might place the body into a constant state of low-grade stress.

    Ancient molecule

    What sets B12 apart from other vitamins is that it’s made exclusively by bacteria and archaea (tiny single-celled organisms similar to bacteria but with important genetic and biochemical differences). Neither plants, animals nor humans can produce B12.

    Some scientists even speculate that B12 may have formed prebiotically, before life itself began. It shares part of its structure, known as a tetrapyrrole ring, with several other of life’s most vital compounds including chlorophyll (for photosynthesis) and heme (for carrying oxygen in our blood).

    Although heme has typically been seen as the elder of all these molecules, recent evidence suggests B12 might have come first. Its core structure – a tetrapyrrole known as the corrin ring – has been found in bacteria that don’t produce heme at all, hinting at even deeper evolutionary roots.

    Because humans can’t make B12, we depend on our diet to get it. Ruminant animals like cows and sheep are able to host B12-producing bacteria in their stomachs and absorb the nutrient directly. We, however, must obtain it from animal-based foods – or from supplements and fortified products.

    Since plants neither produce nor store B12, vegetarians and vegans are at higher risk of this deficiency unless they supplement regularly. As diets become more processed and less diverse, B12 intake and absorption drops, leading to problems in brain function, metabolism and fetal development. Often, the deficiency isn’t spotted until symptoms become serious or irreversible.

    The takeaway is that we need to pay more attention to micronutrients, not just calories. Ensuring adequate B12 levels, particularly before and during pregnancy, is crucial. That means prioritising whole foods, fruits, vegetables and quality sources of protein, while limiting ultra-processed products.

    From the primordial soup to the modern dinner plate, vitamin B12 is more than a nutrient – it’s a molecular link between our evolutionary past and our future health. Recognising its importance might just be one of the most powerful steps we can take toward a healthier, more informed life.

    Adaikala Antonysunil receives funding from DRWF, BBSRC, Rosetrees Trust and Society of Endocrinology.

    – ref. How vitamin B12 deficiency may disrupt pregnant women’s bodies – https://theconversation.com/how-vitamin-b12-deficiency-may-disrupt-pregnant-womens-bodies-256244

    MIL OSI – Global Reports –

  • MIL-OSI Global: What the hidden rhythms of orangutan calls can tell us about language – new research

    Source: The Conversation – UK – By Chiara De Gregorio, Post Doctoral Research Fellow, University of Warwick

    Don Mammoser/Shutterstock

    In the dense forests of Indonesia, you can hear strange and haunting sounds. At first, these calls may seem like a random collection of noises – but my rhythmic analyses reveal a different story.

    Those noises are the calls of Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii), used to warn others about the presence of predators. Orangutans belong to our animal family – we’re both great apes. That means we share a common ancestor – a species that lived millions of years ago, from which we both evolved.

    Like us, orangutans have hands that can grasp, they use tools and can learn new things. We share about 97% of our DNA with orangutans, which means many parts of our bodies and brains work in similar ways.

    That’s why studying orangutans can also help us understand more about how humans evolved, especially when it comes to things like communication, intelligence and the roots of language and rhythm.

    Research on orangutan communication conducted by evolutionary psychologist Adriano Lameira and colleagues in 2024 focused on a different species of orangutan, the wild Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). They looked at a type of vocalisation made only by males, known as the long call, and found that long calls are organised into two levels of rhythmic hierarchy.

    This was a groundbreaking discovery, showing that orangutan rhythms are structured in a recursive way. Human language is deeply recursive.

    Recursion is when something is built from smaller parts that follow the same pattern. For example, in language, a sentence can contain another sentence inside it. In music, a rhythm can be made of smaller rhythms nested within each other. It’s a way of organising information in layers, where the same structure repeats at different levels.

    So, when the two-level rhythmic pattern was discovered in the long calls of male Bornean orangutans, my team wanted to know whether this kind of rhythm was unique to those particular calls, or revealed a deeper part of how orangutans communicate. To find out, we studied the alarm calls of wild female Sumatran orangutans and found something surprising.

    Instead of two levels, as had been seen in the Bornean males, this time we found three. This is an even more sophisticated pattern than we expected.

    The shared roots of language

    Returning to those alarm calls echoing through the Indonesian forest, we can now hear them with new ears. With the help of statistical tools, what sounded like random noise now takes on a clear structure – a rhythmic pattern of calls grouped into regular bouts and repeated in sequences.

    Each layer follows a steady rhythm, like the ticking of a metronome.

    Until recently, many scientists believed only humans could build layered vocal structures. This belief helped reinforce the idea of a divide between us and other animals.

    But our discovery adds to a growing body of research showing this divide may not be so clear-cut. Studies on great apes and other animals such as lemurs, whales and dolphins have revealed they are capable of rhythmic structuring, vocal learning, combining signals and sounds to make new ones, and even using vowels and consonants. These findings suggest the roots of language may lie in shared evolutionary mechanisms.

    Human language is unique in many ways. But it probably did not appear suddenly. Even the most striking traits in life evolve by reshaping what already exists, through the slow work of variation and natural selection. Our work suggests the brain systems needed to build recursive patterns were present in our ancestors millions of years ago.

    The evolution of language

    We wanted to take our investigation a step further and ask why recursive patterns evolved. So, we designed an experiment in which wild orangutans were exposed to different predator models, some posing a more realistic threat than others.

    This involved a person walking on all fours under different-coloured blankets. One had tiger stripes (tigers are orangutan predators). The other blankets were blue, white or multi-coloured.

    We found that more structured, regular and faster orangutan alarm sequences were made in response to tiger stripes. When the predator seemed less convincing, the vocalisations lost that regularity and slowed down. So, rhythm may help listeners gauge the seriousness of a situation.

    These patterns in orangutan calls give us some important hints about how language might have started. But it’s possible that other animals have similar ways of communicating that we haven’t discovered yet. To really understand how things like evolution, social life and the environment shape these interesting communication skills, we need to keep studying many different animals.

    Perhaps the most surprising lesson is this: complexity doesn’t always need words. The rhythms, patterns and structures we have uncovered in orangutan alarms remind us that meaningful communication can emerge in many forms – and that the roots of our language may lie not just in what is said, but how it is expressed.

    Chiara De Gregorio does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. What the hidden rhythms of orangutan calls can tell us about language – new research – https://theconversation.com/what-the-hidden-rhythms-of-orangutan-calls-can-tell-us-about-language-new-research-257400

    MIL OSI – Global Reports –

  • MIL-OSI United Kingdom: Increasing automated detection capabilities at the UK border 

    Source: United Kingdom – Executive Government & Departments

    Case study

    Increasing automated detection capabilities at the UK border 

    Border Force wants to expand its use of artificial intelligence in the searching and screening of freight at UK seaports by automating anomaly detection.

    As cross-border traffic continues to grow, Border Force aims to expand its use of artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance the searching and screening of freight at UK seaports. To balance security with the smooth movement of legitimate goods, the agency is seeking to automate the detection of anomalies in x-ray images, as manual analysis is both time-consuming and prone to error.  

    AI-driven automation will not only speed up screening times but also increase the volume of goods processed. Additionally, it will free up officers to focus on critical tasks, reduce false alarms and minimise unnecessary secondary inspections. 

    To achieve this, Border Force turned to the Accelerated Capability Environment (ACE) for support in organising and analysing its extensive x-ray image database, which had previously been stored inconsistently across multiple data structures. ACE was initially tasked with creating a fully indexed and standardised repository of x-ray images and associated data—making it easily accessible to analysts and suitable for AI algorithm development. 

    Six ACE suppliers—Faculty, Leonardo, Polygeist, Roke, Symetrica and Zaizi—collaborated to explore innovative AI and machine-learning methodologies for anomaly detection. Using the newly indexed data, they developed three use cases: vector integrity, pattern recognition and high-density material detection.  

    The insights gained were presented to Border Force at a demonstration day, where all three approaches showed strong operational potential for further development.  

    The success of the initiative prompted Border Force UK Deputy Director, Chino Nwachukwu, to share a glowing endorsement on LinkedIn, praising the “quality and professionalism” of the team. Reflecting on the project’s impact, he stated: 

    “I’m still buzzing from the high on which I ended last week, having spent the last few months working with some of the best brains in Britain to explore the potential of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning techniques in Border Security.” 

    There is now a need to take these solutions forward for trials in a controlled operational environment. In order to plan for this, a recently completed commission assessed the capability requirements and the feasibility of integrating these solutions into Border Force systems. This commission analysed Border Force’s data, systems and applications, consolidating the data into a unified, structured format. Trials were conducted with Border Force staff across multiple ports to evaluate the AI anomaly detection system.  

    The success of these commissions has led to a request for further development, forming the foundation of a business case for wider AI implementation across Border Force operations.

    Updates to this page

    Published 27 May 2025

    MIL OSI United Kingdom –

  • MIL-OSI United Kingdom: First stage Central Library improvements completed paving way for Adult Education works

    Source: City of Wolverhampton

    The 1970s extension to the rear of the library has been internally remodelled, providing 2 new first floor offices, along with WCs, a kitchenette and ground floor space for booking deliveries, sorting and collections.

    This paves the way for further works to be undertaken by contractor Speller Metcalfe, with Adult Education Wolverhampton’s Alan Garner Building on Old Hall Street set to undergo internal remodelling and refurbishment, plus the construction of a 2 storey glazed link building to connect it directly to Central Library’s 1930s extension.

    Ongoing works on the restoration of the building façade and roof of the Grade II* listed library started in November, with a new rear entrance lobby and landscaping also in the pipeline.

    The overall redevelopment will create a modernised, reconfigured and accessible, digitally enabled Central Library for the public and an expanded centralised Adult Education provision that meets post-16 learner and employer demands.

    The improved Central Library and Adult Education Wolverhampton facilities will sit alongside a new state of the art education facility for City of Wolverhampton College currently being constructed by McLaughlin & Harvey on the site of the college’s former Metro One campus and land on the corner of Garrick Street and Bilston Street, where the Faces nightclub building once stood.

    Central Library and Adult Education Wolverhampton are continuing to operate throughout the works, which are expected to be completed during the winter.

    The council’s Cabinet Member for City Development, Jobs and Skills, Councillor Chris Burden, said: “The improvement works to Central Library and our Adult Education facilities are integral to our City Learning Quarter vision alongside the new college campus being developed.

    “Together they will provide state of the art facilities in the city centre and improve life chances for people of all ages through learning, apprenticeship and employment offers.

    “The restoration and development of the Grade II* listed library and Adult Education building will enhance the offer for current users of these services and attract new users, providing an inspirational learning environment that is easy to reach by bus, rail, tram and bicycle.”

    Ninder Johal, Chair of Wolverhampton’s City Investment Board, said: “Excellent progress is being made in delivering Wolverhampton City Learning Quarter.

    “This regeneration will ensure the city’s Central Library and Adult Education facilities are the best they can be to support the delivery of an outstanding education and skills offer and enhanced public facilities.”

    The exciting City Learning Quarter proposals were initially supported by investment from the council with a further £49 million coming through UK Government funding, plus additional government grants and contributions from the college and council.

    It will pave the way for City of Wolverhampton College to move from its 1960s Paget Road site, which has been identified as land to build much needed housing.

    The college forecasts that over a 10 year period approximately 45,000 people will benefit from learning at the City Learning Quarter and around 7,500 apprenticeships will be started.

    Its central location and close proximity to the new £150 million transport interchange will make it easily accessible. It will also boast environmental benefits in line with council’s climate emergency agenda.

    MIL OSI United Kingdom –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: Alpha Chance: Polytechnicians Receive Grants of 300,000 Rubles

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University – Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University –

    Students of the Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University received grants in the Alfa-Chance project. This is a grant program initiated and financed by Alfa-Bank. The competition is aimed at identifying talented young people, creating the necessary conditions for their intellectual development, assisting in choosing a profession and increasing motivation in achieving career goals.

    Having studied the resumes and motivation letters, the expert committee, which included company representatives and employees of the career development department, identified the top 100 student winners. They received personal grants in the amount of 300,000 rubles. A total of 300 educational institutions participated.

    The winners included SPbPU PISh student Stepan Akimov and IMMIT student Artemy Bazeltsev.

    The awards were presented to the winners by Svetlana Tonofa, Head of the HR Department of the St. Petersburg branch of Alfa-Bank. The guys received cash certificates and gifts from the company. The ceremony took place at the fair of student projects and initiatives “Idea v Delo”, held jointly with the course Fundamentals of Project Activities. The winners will be able to use the grant funds to implement their own initiative projects.

    Last year, I participated in the Alfa-Bank ambassador program, where I learned about the grant competition. I wanted to set myself an interesting goal and see if I could achieve it. In the end, I managed to win by betting on the most important criterion – the creativity of the motivation letter, – said Stepan Akimov.

    Stepan shared that he intends to spend the grant on creating a music rehearsal base on the territory of SPbPU. Artemy plans to use the grant to implement the cargo module of the agricultural platform.

    The project is a small-sized tracked platform to which various modules can be attached — tools for working on a country plot. The modular agricultural platform can be useful for many people living in rural areas, as it will facilitate the work process, — noted Artemy Bazeltsev.

    Please note: This information is raw content directly from the source of the information. It is exactly what the source states and does not reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI Russia: Marat Khusnullin: The N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov Conservatory in St. Petersburg has received permission to start operation

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Government of the Russian Federation – An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

    N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov Conservatory in St. Petersburg

    The historic building of the St. Petersburg State Conservatory named after N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov has received permission to put it into operation. One of the most beautiful buildings in St. Petersburg will reopen its doors to students on September 1. At the same time, it is ready to resume its work as a concert venue this summer, Deputy Prime Minister Marat Khusnullin reported.

    “The reconstruction of the N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov Conservatory began back in 2015, but due to the change of several contractors, the building ended up in a state of disrepair. If it were not for the direct order of the President to intervene in this matter, we could simply lose this beautiful historical building. In 2021, the implementation of the project was transferred to the company “Single Customer in the Sphere of Construction”. A team of builders, restorers, and acousticians was able to complete a very large and complex project for the restoration of a cultural heritage site in three years – significantly ahead of the deadlines established by the contract. As of today, permission for commissioning has already been received. The facades and interiors of the building have been returned to their historical appearance. After the reconstruction, the historical building of the first music university in the country is equipped with the most modern technologies for teaching music,” said Marat Khusnullin.

    The reconstruction and restoration of the N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov Conservatory was carried out within the framework of the comprehensive state program “Construction”.

    “The building of the St. Petersburg Conservatory has a rich history. Here in 1783, Antonio Rinaldi erected the first Stone Theatre in Russia. Fragments of the walls and foundation of the theatre were used by the architect Vladimir Nikolay to build the conservatory building, which was opened in 1896. At different times, such architects as A. Cavos, T. Bardt and Thomas de Thomon worked here. The result of a large-scale restoration was the return of the facades to their historical light beige colour, as a result of the scientific restoration of the house church, the paintings by famous artists of the late 19th century Andrei Ryabushkin and Vasily Belyaev, lost in Soviet times, were returned. Thanks to the construction of new domes made of glass and aircraft-grade aluminium, the usable area of the conservatory increased by 700 sq. m – to 31,864 sq. m,” said Minister of Construction and Housing and Public Utilities Irek Fayzullin.

    In the summer of 2025, after the finishing works are fully completed, the staff of the N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov Conservatory will finish preparing the premises for the resumption of the educational process for students, and will finish tuning the historical musical instruments that were returned to the building from the restoration workshops. The mechanism of the German organ from the late 19th century in the Glazunov Small Hall will also be tuned.

    “The reconstruction and restoration of the St. Petersburg Conservatory is a unique, incredibly complex project, where we carefully combined the past and the future, strictly following the principles of the Venice Charter – specialists tried to use materials and technologies from the time of the building’s construction as much as possible. We managed to completely restore the sound of instruments that are rare today – harmoniums, which will sound like new again. In total, there are about 1,000 unique exhibits – from grand pianos and paintings by the founders of the conservatory to furniture. All stages of design, construction work and restoration were coordinated with the Committee for the Protection of Monuments of St. Petersburg, in agreement with the Academic Council of the University, the historical decoration in the style of the Renaissance was returned to the interiors of the Great Hall of the Conservatory,” emphasized Karen Oganesyan, General Director of the Unified Customer in Construction.

    Rector of the St. Petersburg State Conservatory named after N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov Alexey Vasiliev noted that the renovated building is equipped with first-class technologies that improve the educational process. “The Rubinstein Great Hall for 1,100 people is equipped with variable acoustics technologies, which will allow performing not only opera and symphonic music, but also works of a wide variety of genres, such as jazz, musicals, rock. 40 classrooms of the conservatory are equipped with the latest equipment for recording and playing music, which enables the faculty to actively use digital technologies and modern teaching standards,” he said.

    Please note: This information is raw content directly from the source of the information. It is exactly what the source states and does not reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    MIL OSI Russia News –

  • MIL-OSI USA: Johnson’s Paige Whittington Builds a Symphony of Simulations

    Source: NASA

    What do music ensembles and human spaceflight have in common? They require the harmonization of different elements to create an inspiring opus.
    NASA’s Paige Whittington has experience with both.
    As a principal flutist for Purdue University’s Wind Ensemble, Whittington helped fellow flutists play beautiful music together while pursuing her graduate degree. Now, as a space exploration simulation architect at Johnson Space Center in Houston, she strives for a cross-team harmony that can inform the agency’s Moon to Mars exploration approach.
    “Simulation often sits at the intersection of several teams because we integrate various designs and mission requirements,” she said. “We have to learn how to best fit those teams and their priorities together to enable cutting-edge human exploration.”

    Whittington is part of the NASA Exploration Systems Simulations (NExSyS) team, which develops physics-based simulations to evaluate various vehicles and mission concepts. Her role includes working with lunar and Mars architecture teams within NASA’s Strategy and Architecture Office to assess current and potential future elements of vehicle design, logistics, and planning.
    “Our simulations help inform engineers, astronauts, and managers about the new, challenging environments that await us on the Moon and Mars,” she said.
    One of the most challenging and rewarding projects she is working on is the Artemis Distributed Simulation. “NExSyS develops and maintains several individual simulations such as rovers, landers, and habitats. However, human exploration on other planetary bodies requires careful integration and coordination of these individual pieces,” she explained.
    The distributed simulation brings those pieces together to enable agency teams to envision a complete Artemis mission to the lunar surface. Different elements can be added or removed to create a wide variety of scenarios. The simulation can run automatically with predetermined settings or be responsive to real-time and randomized changes. Participants can operate the team’s video walls, mock-up mission control console, virtual reality platforms, and lander piloting facility to interact together within the chosen Artemis mission scenario.

    “I am very proud to know that the simulations I help develop have impacted some of the decisions being made by NASA’s architecture teams,” she said.
    She is excited to take on a new responsibility, as well. Whittington recently became project manager of the JSC Engineering Orbital Dynamics software package. Also known as JEOD, this open-source tool was created by NASA to model spacecraft trajectories, such as proposed flight paths for a lunar lander. JEOD calculates gravitational and other environmental forces acting on spacecraft to simulate the position and orientation of those vehicles over time, whether they are orbiting a cosmic body or traveling between planets.
    Whittington’s family moved frequently during her childhood, calling five different states home as she grew up. Their time in Florida would have a life-long impact.
    “My parents drove me and my sister across the state to visit NASA’s Kennedy Space Center. It was mesmerizing, awe-inspiring, and seemingly a whole different world from where my 8-year-old self thought I was living,” she said. Her love of space never waned, and a high school physics teacher encouraged her to study aerospace engineering in college. “That was the turning point when I realized space exploration didn’t have to stay in my dreams – it was a career field I could actually work in.”
    Whittington took her teacher’s advice, earning a bachelor’s degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. She also completed two internships at Johnson through the Universities Space Research Association and interned with a NASA contractor after graduation.  While pursuing a master’s degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics at Purdue, Whittington was accepted to NASA’s Pathways Program and did two rotations with the Simulation and Graphics Branch before joining the team as a full-time employee in June 2022.

    Whittington has learned several key lessons during her five years with NASA, including the essential part open, regular communication plays in understanding an individual’s or team’s core needs and limitations. She also stressed the importance of adaptability.
    “The path that you planned for may not be the path you end up choosing. But that planning enabled you to be who you are now and to make different choices,” she said. “I did not anticipate working in simulations when I started my aerospace engineering degree, but I took the opportunity when it was presented, and I am so happy that I did.”

    MIL OSI USA News –

  • MIL-OSI Economics: Christopher J Waller: The role of economic research in central banking

    Source: Bank for International Settlements

    Thank you for the opportunity to speak to you today.1

    I have spent most of my career conducting research and overseeing research by others, first as a professor and later as a research director in the Federal Reserve System. More recently, I have been more of a consumer than a producer of research as a member of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). Eight times a year, the FOMC meets to set the appropriate stance of monetary policy to achieve the economic goals assigned to us by the U.S. Congress. We discuss where the economy stands in relation to those goals, how it is likely to evolve, and the implications for monetary policy. We examine hard statistical data, “soft” data in the form of surveys and input from business contacts, and other domestic and global factors.

    Another vital input for central bankers is economic research. Nearly all central banks have a research group to help policymakers think through the effects of monetary policy on the economy. In the Federal Reserve, the 12 regional Reserve Banks and the Board of Governors have staffs that perform a variety of research activities. First and foremost, they use research to advise the Governors and Bank presidents on the appropriate path of monetary policy given current events. Second, they provide analysis of the global, U.S., and regional economies. Third, economists at the Reserve Banks meet with businesses in their Districts to discuss economic issues and to collect information about the local economy. Finally, there are research groups around the Federal Reserve System that focus on banking, payments, financial markets, financial stability, and community development.

    The word “research” is used very loosely in everyday life. When I was a professor, my undergraduates would do “research” to write a term paper. When I go on vacation, I often do “research” on what to do or see at my destination. Analysts at financial institutions do “research” on individual firms or sectors of the economy. For today’s talk, I narrow in on the types of research done at central banks, with a focus on the Federal Reserve.

    Research at the Federal Reserve

    Research is a vital input for providing state-of-the-art advice to policymakers within the Federal Reserve System. Because the Fed is accountable to the public, policymakers must be able to explain why certain actions were taken and describe the intellectual foundations underlying those decisions. Decisions are analyzed, discussed, and criticized by many, in particular by highly skilled and knowledgeable academic researchers. Top academics are on the cutting edge of research, particularly on the subject of monetary policy. Milton Friedman, Allan Meltzer, Robert Lucas, John Taylor, and Michael Woodford are just a few examples of academic scholars who challenged central bankers over the past 70 years on how monetary policy should be conducted. Central banks must be up to the challenge and be able to debate and compete with these academics in the world of theory and ideas.

    To do that requires hiring central bank economists who are trained in the academic research tradition and continue working at the research frontier. And that means pursing academic research at central banks. Our decisions will be better if we hire motivated and well-trained economists and let them work on the big questions that economics seeks to answer. The Federal Reserve tries to create a strong academic research environment to attract strong researchers to work at the Federal Reserve to give us a better foundation for the decisions we make.

    When I was research director at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, I told our board of directors that my goal was to build a department that was renowned for producing high-quality academic research. They often responded by saying, “But the Federal Reserve is not a university. Rather than doing academic research, why isn’t your staff doing research on issues that you direct them to work on that helps the president of the Bank?” This is a great question and one that should be asked at every central bank. To answer that question, I would start by explaining the difference between academic research and directed research, which I will now do today. Once I have, it will be clear that directed research relies on its grounding in academic research and is a complement to directed research in supporting policymaking.

    Academic Research

    Academic research considers a broad range of economic matters. It often focuses on issues that are currently off the radar screens of policymakers who are focused on the near-term economic outlook. But there is value in thinking broadly. Not too long ago, trade policy and tariffs were not a major concern of policymakers. A critical aspect of academic research is that it is often “proactive”-it focuses on intellectually interesting issues often before they become relevant for monetary policy.

    Academic research conducted by Federal Reserve economists is often done with the goal of publishing it in academic journals. Papers submitted to these journals go through a rigorous vetting process by economists outside the central bank. This serves as an important check on central bank “group think.” The ideas and conclusions of the paper must be based on sound economic theory and empirical evidence. They cannot reflect dogma or outdated beliefs about how the economy operates.

    Academic research can take the form of an evaluation of major economic events, sometimes called an “economic autopsy.” This type of analysis can take years, and it’s not particularly time sensitive. To this day, economists are still researching the causes of the 2008 financial crisis and how policies undertaken at that time helped or hindered the subsequent economic recovery.

    Directed Research

    Then there is directed research. Directed research is just that-an issue or policy problem that staff economists are told to work on by their supervisors. It is not unrestricted thinking about an issue. Often, directed research addresses an emerging topic that demands attention from policymakers. As a result, directed research is usually reactive in nature. It often has the feel of firefighting-an issue flares up, and policymakers must respond. They need analysis of the problem to think about the issue and how to act. For example, the April 2 tariff announcement was larger and more extensive than nearly anyone expected. Immediately, questions were asked of staff around the Federal Reserve System such as, “What will this do to the U.S. economy? What will happen to inflation and unemployment?” The answers to these questions are obviously time sensitive.

    Directed research often involves running shocks though existing economic models or quick data analysis and it relies on existing economic research. One could call the results “quick and dirty” answers. Because this work is time sensitive, central bank researchers do not have the luxury of getting their directed research vetted by the economics profession. They simply figure out how the current issue can be incorporated into the models or analyzed with econometrics, and whatever answer comes out is the best they can do in the time they have.

    Because directed research is often reactive and time sensitive, researchers must rely on existing published research as a key input into their analysis. You cannot come up with original or innovative models on the spot to deal with an issue that suddenly appears. And, on the data front, you may not have the time to look deeply at the microdata. In these situations, existing academic research done by central bank economists and by academics outside the central bank provides the foundation for conducting the directed research. This is why I say that academic research is a complement to directed research. Good directed research requires academic research. Furthermore, postmortem analysis is not always done after directed research is completed. Once the issue goes off policymakers’ radar screens, it might not be looked at again. If the issue resurfaces at a later date, then there may be some postmortem investigation into earlier analyses to see what went right and what went wrong.

    Finally, directed research sometimes takes the form of analysis involving the gathering and organizing of facts and data to generate a simple narrative for less specialized audiences. The Beige Book-which is a survey of regional economic conditions done by the Reserve Banks-is a clear example. But it also takes other forms, such as talks by research economists to private-sector audiences, presentations to the Reserve Bank boards of directors, or writing about timely topics in short economic posts.

    History of Research at the Federal Reserve

    Economic research has shaped monetary policy at the Federal Reserve from its very beginnings, but the form and use of that research has varied considerably over time. I do not have the time today to give this topic the justice it deserves. But I will touch on a few historical highlights. During the early decades of the Federal Reserve System, “research” at the Fed was largely limited to the collection of statistics, only some of which were published by the Fed and other government agencies. At the Reserve Banks, the focus was often on measuring and reporting on regional economies or sectors.2 Monetary policy decisions were made using policy frameworks that were often not tested in the rigorous and scientific ways associated with economic research today. For example, in the 1920s, the Federal Reserve adhered to the “real bills” doctrine that called for providing liquidity to businesses when it was demanded during expansions and contracting credit when demand for it fell during times of slowing growth.3 This, of course, is often exactly the opposite of what monetary policy should do to either control inflation in an overheating economy or support economic activity in a slowdown.

    Up until the 1950s, journal-oriented economic research in the Federal Reserve System was quite limited. But a big increase took place in the 1950s, when the Reserve Bank presidents became much more involved in monetary policy decisions.4 Before that, Bank presidents focused mainly on local operations and discount window policy. But once they became more involved in national-level policymaking decisions, their new responsibilities required them to have more specialized research staff who were trained in modern economic theory and data methods. The creation and development of professional research departments led to a greater debate within the Federal Reserve and among outside academics as to how monetary policy should be conducted.

    In the 1960s, Keynesian macroeconomic theory was the dominant paradigm in policymaking, and large-scale econometric models were being developed to provide quantitative analysis of monetary policy. The Board of Governors led the way by hiring Ph.D. economists from academia to develop and use these Keynesian models and econometric techniques to aid policymakers. This was an important first step in raising the skill level of research staff to match that of top academics.

    But the beauty of the Federal Reserve’s structure is that alternative macroeconomic frameworks and theories could be developed in the rest of the System. And the first example of an alternative view of monetary policy was developed by research economists at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and became a force to be reckoned with.

    In the early 1970s, after inflation failed to fall as much as expected in a slow economy, Fed Chairman Arthur Burns came to believe that inflation was very little affected by economic slack and was instead a structural problem that could only be dealt with through wage and price controls.5 Board models typically viewed the 1970s inflation as being driven by special factors that were outside the influence of monetary policy. In contrast, at the St. Louis Fed, monetarism was the dominant paradigm in thinking about monetary policy. The Bank’s researchers believed the 1970s inflation was driven by excessive monetary growth.6 This led to a vigorous debate throughout the 1970s between Board staff and St. Louis Fed economists over the sources of inflation and how to bring it back down. At the end of the 1970s, Paul Volcker became Chair of the Federal Reserve and essentially adopted the St. Louis monetarist position of halting monetary growth to bring inflation under control. He announced a fundamental change in the Fed’s policy approach, vowing to bring inflation down by adopting strict monetary growth targeting. Volcker succeeded, but at the cost of causing a severe recession.

    In the 1980s, the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis became a dominant force in monetary policy research by proposing new economic theories and policy frameworks. In association with economists at the University of Minnesota and the University of Chicago, researchers at the Minneapolis Fed explored how rational expectations would affect the transmission channel of monetary policy. Up until then, Fed forecasting models assumed that individuals had adaptive expectations, meaning they were purely backward looking. This meant that the Board’s econometric models didn’t account for policy actions that were announced in advance but hadn’t taken effect yet. If households and firms did understand how current policy actions and announcements would affect future outcomes, they would react in ways that didn’t match the predictions of the Board’s forecasting models. This would lead to significant errors in the guidance that the staff provided to policymakers.

    A critical finding of all this research was that private agents’ inflation expectations were forward looking-they would adjust to promises, and failures, of central bankers to keep inflation low and stable. If people didn’t believe a central bank’s promise to keep inflation low, then the central bank lacked credibility. This would cause inflation expectations to increase, which would lead to demands for higher nominal wages, thereby feeding future inflation. It is now widely believed that this was a key problem that Volcker faced: His promises to bring inflation down were not fully credible, as they came after the Fed’s uneven efforts at fighting inflation over the previous decade. Research on monetary policy, along with the experience of the Volcker years, led to the concepts of “credibility” and “stable inflation expectations” becoming central parts of how every central bank enacts policy.

    A key innovation at the Minneapolis Fed that led to this explosion of fundamental macroeconomic research was creating strong research links between Fed researchers and academics at the University of Minnesota. Instead of being on opposite sides of the fence, the idea was to have Fed researchers and academics work together side by side. This frequent interaction led to the type of rigorous debate between academics and Fed researchers that I discussed earlier. As a result, more rigorous and sound monetary policy frameworks were developed over the next several decades. The success of this close interaction between academics and Fed researchers led most Federal Reserve Banks and the Board of Governors to adopt similar relationships that continue to this day.

    Another example of the value of economic research came with the onset of the Global Financial Crisis in 2008, the worst since the Great Depression. As it happened, the Fed Chair at the time was one of the world’s leading experts on that period, Ben Bernanke. He drew heavily on his and others’ research on the 1930s, and related work on Japan’s crisis and slow growth in the 1990s and 2000s, to help fashion new monetary policy tools to combat the downturn, including quantitative easing and extended forward guidance.7

    Does this suggest that central bank policymakers should all be Ph.D. economists and have a record of journal publications? Of course not-there are other skills and work experiences needed in the policy sphere, and the Fed has economists and non-economists among its policymakers. Before the 1990s, very few policymakers were Ph.D. economists, and those who were usually did not have academic records in research; instead, policymakers typically had backgrounds in financial markets or the law.8 In contrast, since the 1990s, key policymaking roles in central banks around the world have been filled by Ph.D. economists with an academic research background. Today, 10 of the 19 FOMC policymakers are Ph.D. economists. The experience of these economists further embeds economic research into monetary policymaking and strengthens the decisions that are made.

    In conclusion, I expect research to remain an important part of policymaking at the Fed and other central banks. I believe that the insights provided by this research can further our understanding of the economy and improve monetary policymaking.

    MIL OSI Economics –

  • MIL-OSI United Kingdom: Open Innovation Team’s AI work at the Department for Education

    Source: United Kingdom – Executive Government & Departments

    News story

    Open Innovation Team’s AI work at the Department for Education

    Secretary of State for Education highlights Open Innovation Team in Education World Forum speech

    The Open Innovation Team (OIT) was highlighted by Secretary of State for Education Bridget Phillipson during her keynote address at the recent Education World Forum 2025.

    In her speech, the Secretary of State emphasised the importance of evidence-based innovation in EdTech to improve educational outcomes globally. She announced new investments to test educational technologies, including AI tools, with support from the OIT.

    She said:

    Working with the Open Innovation Team, we’ll be engaging the sector to understand what works. We’ll look at how tools, including AI, can improve things like staff workload, pupil outcomes and inclusivity. Evidence must be at the heart of all we do, on EdTech and right across education.

    This recognition underscores the OIT’s commitment to collaborating with the Department for Education and partners to develop and evaluate innovative solutions that enhance teaching and learning experiences across England, and beyond.

    Read the full speech here.

    Updates to this page

    Published 27 May 2025

    MIL OSI United Kingdom –