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Category: Science

  • MIL-OSI Analysis: Why it’s not a problem that dinosaurs are sold for millions of dollars – art historian

    Source: The Conversation – UK – By Mark Westgarth, Professor, History of the Art Market, University of Leeds

    Sotheby’s publicity photograph for the _Ceratosaurus_ fossil. Sotheby’s, CC BY-SA

    A juvenile dinosaur fossil, Ceratosaurus nasicornis, has sold at Sotheby’s New York for US$30.5 million (£22.7 million). It is part of a recent resurgence of art-market interest in fossils and natural history – palaeontology and geology especially. Indeed, this latest dinosaur sale was part of an auction specifically dedicated to natural history.

    Led by iconic Tyrannosaurus Rex fossils, the prices for such specimens have reached eyewatering levels in recent years. “Stan”, currently the most expensive T-Rex, sold for US$31.8 million at Christie’s New York in 2020. Then a stegosaurus called “Apex” sold for US$44.6 million in New York in 2024.

    The US$30.5 million sale of the juvenile Ceratosaurus, a much smaller species, raises the market bar significantly. Even a T-Rex fossil foot at the latest Sotheby’s auction far exceeded its published estimate of US$250,000-US$300,000, selling for US$1.8 million. When you reflect that a full T-Rex fossil by the name of “Sue” sold for US$8.4 million in 1997 – US$17 million in today’s money – it looks cheap by comparison.

    Sotheby’s marketing of the Ceratosaurus highlights how the art market builds narratives around these objects of science. Publicity photographs emphasise the dinosaur’s sculptural qualities, along with descriptions like “mounted in an action pose … with jaws open”. This mirrors the presentation in taxidermy mounts, another market that is drawing in more collectors at present.

    Photographs in the auction publicity have an almost filmic quality. They tie the fossil to its discovery process, with the image at the top of this article including an SUV in the distance that is kitted out for fossil hunting.

    The extensive catalogue description builds on this, appropriating the language of science with a forensic account of how the fossil was discovered and pieced together, supporting the key art market criteria of authenticity.

    It highlights the commodity status of the fossil as a spectacle, aimed at new, younger super-rich collectors who are seeking out statement pieces. These allow them to demonstrate what the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu termed increasing levels of distinction – in other words, cultural choices as markers of status and power.

    Auctions and ethics

    Some palaeontologists express concerns about the idea of moving dinosaur remains “into the same realms as fine art”. Much opposition comes from the Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology (SVP), a leading body on fossil research based in Utah, which is influential far beyond the US.

    Stuart Sumida, the president of the society, complained after the Ceratosaurus auction that such transactions can mean removing specimens “from the public trust and the scientific community for profit”. As his predecessor David Polly lamented in 2018, it can “create a perception that [fossils] have a commercial value”.

    The premise here is that the market is somehow dislocated from palaeontology, but the truth is that scientific research is never conducted in a commercial vacuum. It benefits from private funding and publishes in journals whose access is restricted for commercial gain. Replicas of dinosaur specimens are commercially licensed by museums, while moving fossils or replicas between institutions involves huge costs, covering everything from transport to insurance.

    Equally, the relationship between palaeontology and the market is more symbiotic than it might appear. The market for dinosaur fossils traces back to the late 18th century, with early operators including the fossil collector Mary Anning (1799-1847). Her discovery of dinosaur fossils on the English south coast in Dorset led to her establishing a successful shop called Annings Fossil Depot in the mid-1820s.

    Now recognised as one of the leading palaeontologists of the 19th century, the market for fossils that she helped to create increased the visibility and public interest in dinosaurs. This in turn acted as a catalyst for increased research activity in this area.

    More recently, the appetite for dinosaurs is reflected in multiple consumer spheres, from Jurassic Park to Barney & Friends. Every new product boosts public awareness of dinosaurs and no doubt ignites further research activity.

    Do palaeontologists need Barney more than they think?
    Paul M Walsh

    Each dinosaur auction that hits the headlines contributes to this effect. Privately owned fossils are also, in my experience, more likely to be exhibited in venues beyond natural history museums, such as major art fairs and even contemporary art museums. This too increases their visibility, which probably helps expand the range and scope of research interest.

    Now, you might argue that public interest is strong enough to drive research without the need for any benefits from auctions. Maybe the benefits are also outweighed by the palaeontologists’ concerns about specimens being lost to science when they fall into private hands.

    Then again, the SVP’s ethical guidelines contribute to such marginalisation. These insist that palaeontologists should “only conduct research on fossils held in collections with a permanent commitment to curation and accessibility” – in other words, museums. Loosen this restriction and the objection diminishes.

    When bodies like the SVP call for a total separation between art and science, between research and the art market, maybe they’re the ones that are the dinosaura for taking such a simplistic approach. The reality of auctioning these discoveries is a lot more complicated than some would have you believe.

    Mark Westgarth receives funding from Arts & Humanities Research Council.

    – ref. Why it’s not a problem that dinosaurs are sold for millions of dollars – art historian – https://theconversation.com/why-its-not-a-problem-that-dinosaurs-are-sold-for-millions-of-dollars-art-historian-261542

    MIL OSI Analysis –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Analysis: Are you ageing well? Take the five-part quiz that could help change your future

    Source: The Conversation – UK – By Jitka Vseteckova, Senior Lecturer Health and Social Care, The Open University

    Sabrina Bracher/Shutterstock

    Most of us want to enjoy later life feeling strong, connected, and mentally sharp. But how often do we stop to think about whether the things we’re doing right now are helping us get there?

    A new quiz – which we have developed as part of the Take Five to Age Well project, a free, expert-led, month-long challenge from The Open University and Age UK – makes it easier, and more empowering, to ask that question, reflect and take action.

    Healthy ageing doesn’t depend on just one thing. Research shows that our long-term wellbeing is shaped by a mix of physical, mental and social factors. That’s why experts, including us, have identified five key areas – known as the Five Pillars for Ageing Well – that form a strong foundation for staying well and thriving in later life:




    Read more:
    You can’t reverse the ageing process but these 5 things can help you live longer


    1. Are you eating well?

    Are you getting enough fruit and vegetables, limiting ultra-processed foods and meeting your body’s changing nutritional needs? Diets like the Mediterranean plan are linked with a lower risk of dementia and other chronic conditions.

    Malnutrition is a serious concern in older age, especially when it comes to maintaining strong muscles and bones.

    2. Are you staying hydrated?

    Are you drinking enough water to support both your brain and body? Dehydration can creep up easily and affect cognitive function, mood and energy.

    Cutting down on sugary drinks can help you to maintain a healthy weight and staying within recommended alcohol limits can also help lower your risk of conditions like dementia. Hydration really matters.

    For people with life-limiting illnesses or conditions such as advanced dementia, where appetite and oral intake may be severely reduced, sugary drinks may be one of the few sources of calories they can tolerate. In these cases, hydration and comfort take priority over strict nutritional guidelines, and personalised care plans should always guide decisions.

    3. Are you being physically active?

    Are you moving regularly? Enough to raise your heart rate? Are you breaking up long periods of sitting with movement?




    Read more:
    Sitting is bad for your health and exercise doesn’t seem to offset the harmful effects


    A sedentary lifestyle is linked to a wide range of health risks. Simple habits like walking more can boost physical fitness, sharpen the mind and help prevent osteoporosis, especially when paired with good nutrition.

    4. Are you connecting socially?

    Are you keeping in touch with others, spending time in your community and enjoying meaningful connection? Loneliness increases the risk of depression and cognitive decline.

    Building strong social ties earlier in life can help protect wellbeing over the long term.

    5. Are you challenging your brain?

    Are you keeping your mind active by learning, reading, playing an instrument, or trying something new? Research shows that learning about your interests, activities like crossword puzzles or new physical activities can keep the brain healthy and potentially delay dementia. There’s no magic fix, but even small actions can have lasting benefits.

    Why it matters

    We developed the Take Five to Age Well quiz to help people reflect on how they’re doing across these five areas – and where there might be room to grow. The follow-up resources are based on real-life experiences of ageing from diverse communities and offer small, achievable steps you can start today.

    Unlike many online quizzes, this one doesn’t just score you – it supports you. After signing up to the month-long challenge and taking the quiz, the Take Five to Age Well participants receive tips, encouragement and expert-led advice supporting participants’ current habits and needs.

    We’ve also partnered with BridgitCare – organisation that works with Councils, the NHS and Carer Charities across the UK, to help identify carers and scale the support provided with the use of technology – to create Age Well, a free, web-based tool offering personalised daily actions. Whether you want to add more greens to your plate, look for expert tips, and easy ways to stay in control of your health, hobbies, and wellbeing or swap ten minutes of scrolling for a short walk, every step counts.




    Read more:
    Forming new habits can take longer than you think. Here are 8 tips to help you stick with them


    Age Well can also connect you to local groups and services to help turn good intentions into lasting routines.

    Healthy ageing isn’t just about avoiding illness – it’s about learning how to age well, maintaining independence, confidence and quality of life. And with an ageing population, learning that supports all taking proactive steps to protect our mental and physical health is more important than ever.

    The best part? Many of the most effective actions are small and realistic. You don’t have to run marathons or give up everything you enjoy. Take Five to Age Well meets you where you are – and helps you build a future where you feel stronger, more connected and better supported.

    No matter your age, it’s never too early – or too late – to start your journey to ageing well.

    Jitka Vseteckova is a Trustee with carers Buckinghamshire & Carers MK.

    Lis Boulton Health & Care Policy Manager, in the Charity Influencing Division at Age UK. Lis is also Chair of the National Falls Prevention Coordination Group, and also Chair of Age UK Calderdale & Kirklees, her local Age UK in West Yorkshire.

    – ref. Are you ageing well? Take the five-part quiz that could help change your future – https://theconversation.com/are-you-ageing-well-take-the-five-part-quiz-that-could-help-change-your-future-256381

    MIL OSI Analysis –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Analysis: Teenagers aren’t good at spotting misinformation online – research suggests why

    Source: The Conversation – UK – By Yvonne Skipper, Senior Lecturer in Psychology (Education), University of Glasgow

    Body Stock/Shutterstock

    Misinformation is found in every element of our online lives. It ranges from fake products available to buy, fake lifestyle posts on social media accounts and fake news about health and politics.

    Misinformation has an impact not only on our beliefs but also our behaviour: for example, it has affected how people vote in elections and whether people intend to have vaccinations.

    And since anyone can create and share online content, without the kind of verification processes or fact checking typical of more traditional media, misinformation has proliferated.

    This is particularly important as young people increasingly turn to social media for all kinds of information, using it as a source of news and as a search engine. But despite their frequent use of social media, teenagers struggle to evaluate the accuracy of the content they consume.

    A 2022 report from media watchdog Ofcom found that only 11% of 11 to 17 year olds could reliably recognise the signs that indicated a post was genuine.

    My research has explored what teenagers understand about misinformation online. I held focus groups with 37 11- to 14-year-olds, asking them their views on misinformation.


    Get your news from actual experts, straight to your inbox. Sign up to our daily newsletter to receive all The Conversation UK’s latest coverage of news and research, from politics and business to the arts and sciences.


    I found that the young people in the study tended to – wrongly – believe that misinformation was only about world events and scams. Because of this, they believed that they personally did not see a lot of misinformation.

    “[My Instagram] isn’t really like ‘this is happening in the world’ or whatever, it’s just kind of like life,” one said. This may make them vulnerable to misinformation as they are only alert for it in these domains.

    There was also wide variation in how confident they felt about spotting misinformation. Some were confident in their skills. “I’m not daft enough to believe it,” as one put it.

    Others admitted to being easily fooled. This was an interesting finding, as previous research has indicated that most people have a high level of confidence in their personal ability to spot misinformation.

    Most did not fact-check information by cross-referencing what they read with other news sources. They relied instead on their intuition – “You just see it, you know” – or looked at what others said in comment sections to spot misinformation. But neither of these strategies is likely to be particularly reliable.

    Relying on gut instinct typically means using cognitive shortcuts such as “I trust her, so I can trust her post” or “the website looks professional, so it is trustworthy”. This makes it easy for people to create believable false information.

    And a study by Ofcom found that only 22% of adults were able to identify signs of a genuine post. This means that relying on other people to help us tell true from false is not likely to be effective.

    Interestingly, the teens in this study saw older adults, particularly grandparents, as especially vulnerable to believing false information. On the other hand, they viewed their parents as more skilled at spotting misinformation than they themselves were. “[Parents] see it as fake news, so they don’t believe it and they don’t need to worry about it,” one said.

    Teens thought their parents would be better than them at spotting misinformation online.
    LightField Studios/Shutterstock

    This was unexpected. We might assume that young people, who are often considered digital natives, would see themselves as more adept than their parents at spotting misinformation.

    Taking responsibility

    We discussed whose role it was to challenge misinformation online. The teens were reluctant to challenge it themselves. They thought it would not make a difference if they did, or they feared being victimised online or even offline.

    Instead, they believed that governments should stop the spread of misinformation “as they know about what wars are happening”. But older participants thought that if the government took a leading role in stopping the spread of misinformation “there would be protests”, as it would be seen as censorship.

    They also felt that platforms should take responsibility to stop the spread of misinformation to protect their reputation, so that people don’t panic about fake news.

    In light of these findings, my colleagues and I have created a project that works with young people to create resources to help them develop their skills in spotting misinformation and staying safe online. We work closely with young people to understand what their concerns are, and how they want to learn about these topics.

    We also partner with organisations such as Police Scotland and Education Scotland to ensure our materials are grounded in real-world challenges and informed by the needs of teachers and other adult professionals as well as young people.

    Yvonne Skipper has received funding from the ESRC, Education Scotland and British Academy.

    – ref. Teenagers aren’t good at spotting misinformation online – research suggests why – https://theconversation.com/teenagers-arent-good-at-spotting-misinformation-online-research-suggests-why-260445

    MIL OSI Analysis –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Analysis: How young people have taken climate justice to the world’s international courts

    Source: The Conversation – UK – By Susan Ann Samuel, PhD Candidate, School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds

    Pla2na/Shutterstock, CC BY-NC-ND

    Youth activist organisations including Pacific Islands Students Fighting Climate Change and World Youth for Climate Justice recently coordinated massive online calls across two different time zones. These two global gatherings were in preparation for a coordinated global youth movement around the release of the most anticipated advisory opinion scheduled to be delivered by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on July 23 2025.

    An advisory opinion is a legal interpretation provided by a high-level court or tribunal with a special mandate, in response to a specific question of law. Simply put, an advisory opinion is not legally binding in the way a court judgement between two nations would be.

    But it is authoritative. The opinion carries significant legal, moral and political weight: since states often refer to advisory opinions when shaping policies, judges cite them for decisions and they’re used by civil society to hold governments accountable. An advisory opinion can influence shifting governance and principles governing it. I like to think of it as a northern star — it won’t change the reality but can guide potential outcomes and pave the way for future change.

    As one of hundreds of participants attending both the online meetings, plus in my capacity as a researcher investigating the role of youth in climate law and politics, this collective action feels momentous.

    The movement for an advisory opinion to ICJ began in 2019 when a few brave young people from the Pacific Islands stood up for the world. Twenty-seven law students at the Vanuatu campus of the University of South Pacific convinced their nation to champion climate action and accountability to the entire world by bringing climate justice to the world court.

    For these students in the Pacific, the climate crisis means losing their identity, their culture and their homes to the rising sea levels and weather catastrophes. To the young people across the globe — including me — the concern about not being heard by world leaders becomes a shared reality, even though it is our future at stake.

    Four courts, four continents

    It’s not just the ICJ that’s delivering an advisory opinion. The world is at a turning point. For the first time, four world courts or tribunals across four continents are being asked to clarify nations’ legal obligations in the face of the climate crisis. The ICJ’s advisory opinion is the centrepiece: but it sits within a broader push primarily by global youth and developing countries — to clarify what human rights, state responsibility and climate justice mean in law.

    A “quartet” of advisory opinions now spans four judicial bodies: the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the ICJ, and the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. See the diagram below to check the timeline of each court proceeding.

    In addition to the advisory opinions, there are currently 3,113 climate cases across the globe. These include many youth-led cases that bolster solidarity for climate action, call for futureproofing environmental governance, and evoke soft power around the legal proceedings.

    These legal proceedings are the result of bold, persistent advocacy. These cases are not abstract. There’s a moral arc here: they primarily stem from advocacy from global youth movements, developing countries, civil society coalitions and frontline communities demanding legal recognition of climate harms and protection of future generations.

    As such, the role of youth in bolstering moral power is massive. Their influence in empowering states across the globe to embody climate leadership is critical to pushing for political action, even amid geopolitical realities.

    Tracing climate litigation patterns suggests that youth are changing the environmental governance space: as youth litigators (both young lawyers and youth-led cases), youth negotiators and youth activists. Youth across these three spheres — law, politics and activism — are mutually reinforcing each other in their advocacy, unlike ever before.

    Themes of climate justice in litigation, negotiation, and social movements are deeply interconnected, rather than isolated from one another. Youth, who are active across all these spheres, often serve as key advocates, thereby reshaping governance dynamics in the process

    The push for justice by youth is palpable, despite growing political concerns across the globe. Youth remains the common face of vulnerability, agency and promise. The call for justice is now.


    Don’t have time to read about climate change as much as you’d like?

    Get a weekly roundup in your inbox instead. Every Wednesday, The Conversation’s environment editor writes Imagine, a short email that goes a little deeper into just one climate issue. Join the 45,000+ readers who’ve subscribed so far.


    Susan Ann Samuel receives funding from Prof. Viktoria Spaiser’s UKRI FLF Grant MR/V021141/1 and is supported by the University of Leeds – School of Politics and International Studies.

    – ref. How young people have taken climate justice to the world’s international courts – https://theconversation.com/how-young-people-have-taken-climate-justice-to-the-worlds-international-courts-261033

    MIL OSI Analysis –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Analysis: From painkillers to antibiotics: five medicines that could harm your hearing

    Source: The Conversation – UK – By Dipa Kamdar, Senior Lecturer in Pharmacy Practice, Kingston University

    DC Studio/Shutterstock

    When we think about the side effects of medicines, we might think of nausea, fatigue or dizziness. But there’s another, lesser-known risk that can have lasting – and sometimes permanent – consequences: hearing loss. A wide range of prescription and over-the-counter drugs are known to be ototoxic, meaning they can damage the inner ear and affect hearing or balance.

    Ototoxicity refers to drug or chemical-related damage to the cochlea, which affects hearing, and the vestibular system, which controls balance. Symptoms can include tinnitus (ringing in the ears), hearing loss (often starting with high-frequency sounds), dizziness or balance problems or a sensation of fullness in the ears.

    These effects can be temporary or permanent, depending on the drug involved, the dose and duration and a person’s susceptibility.

    The inner ear is highly sensitive, and most experts believe ototoxic drugs cause damage by harming the tiny hair cells in the cochlea or disrupting the fluid balance in the inner ear. Once these hair cells are damaged, they don’t regenerate – making hearing loss irreversible in many cases.

    Around 200 medicines are known to have ototoxic effects. Here are some of the most commonly used drugs to watch out for:

    1. Antibiotics

    Aminoglycoside antibiotics like gentamicin, tobramycin and streptomycin are typically prescribed for serious infections such as sepsis, meningitis, or tuberculosis – conditions where prompt, aggressive treatment can be lifesaving. In these cases, the benefits often outweigh the potential risk of hearing loss.

    These drugs, usually given intravenously, are among the most well-documented ototoxic medications. They can cause irreversible hearing loss, particularly when used in high doses or over extended periods. Some people may also be genetically more vulnerable to these effects.

    These drugs linger in the inner ear for weeks or even months, meaning damage can continue after treatment has ended.

    Other antibiotics to be aware of include macrolides (such as erythromycin and azithromycin) and vancomycin, which have also been linked to hearing problems, particularly in older adults or people with kidney issues.

    2. Heart medicines

    Loop diuretics like furosemide and bumetanide are commonly used to manage heart failure or high blood pressure. When given in high doses or intravenously, they can cause temporary hearing loss by disrupting the fluid and electrolyte balance in the inner ear. Around 3% of users may experience ototoxicity.

    Some blood pressure medications have also been linked to tinnitus.




    Read more:
    That annoying ringing, buzzing and hissing in the ear – a hearing specialist offers tips to turn down the tinnitus


    These include ACE inhibitors – drugs like ramipril that help relax blood vessels by blocking a hormone called angiotensin, making it easier for the heart to pump blood – and calcium-channel blockers like amlodipine, which reduce blood pressure by preventing calcium from entering the cells of the heart and blood vessel walls. While these associations have been observed, more research is needed to fully understand the extent of their effect on hearing.

    3. Chemotherapy

    Certain chemotherapy drugs, especially those containing platinum – like cisplatin and carboplatin – are known to be highly ototoxic. Cisplatin, often used to treat testicular, ovarian, breast, head and neck cancers, carries a significant risk of permanent hearing loss. That risk increases when radiation is also directed near the head or neck.

    Up to 60% of patients treated with cisplatin experience some degree of hearing loss. Researchers are exploring ways to reduce risk by adjusting dosage or frequency without compromising the drug’s effectiveness.




    Read more:
    Chemotherapy can be a challenging treatment – here’s how to deal with some of the side-effects


    4. Painkillers

    High doses of common pain relievers, including aspirin, NSAIDs – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and naproxen, commonly used to relieve pain, inflammation and fever – and even paracetamol, have been linked to tinnitus and hearing loss.

    A large study found that women under 60 who regularly took moderate-dose aspirin (325 mg or more, six to seven times per week) had a 16% higher risk of developing tinnitus. This link was not seen with low-dose aspirin (100 mg or less). Frequent use of NSAIDs as well as paracetamol was also associated with a nearly 20% increased risk of tinnitus, particularly in women who used these medications often.

    Another study linked long-term use of these painkillers to a higher risk of hearing loss, especially in men under 60. In most cases, tinnitus and hearing changes resolve once the medication is stopped – but these side effects typically occur after prolonged, high-dose use.

    5. Antimalarial drugs

    Drugs like chloroquine and quinine – used to treat malaria and leg cramps – can cause reversible hearing loss and tinnitus. One study found that 25–33% of people with hearing loss had previously taken one of these drugs.

    Hydroxychloroquine, used to treat lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, has a similar chemical structure and poses a similar risk. While some people recover after stopping the drug, others may experience permanent damage, particularly after long-term or high-dose use.

    People with pre-existing hearing loss, kidney disease, or genetic susceptibility face higher risks – as do those taking multiple ototoxic drugs at once. Children and older adults may also be more vulnerable.

    If you’re prescribed one of these medications for a serious condition like cancer, sepsis or tuberculosis, the benefits usually outweigh the risks. But it’s still wise to be informed. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if your medicine carries a risk to hearing or balance. If you experience ringing in your ears, dizziness, or muffled hearing, report it promptly.

    Dipa Kamdar does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. From painkillers to antibiotics: five medicines that could harm your hearing – https://theconversation.com/from-painkillers-to-antibiotics-five-medicines-that-could-harm-your-hearing-260671

    MIL OSI Analysis –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI USA: A new framework for guiding management decisions for amphibians in an uncertain future

    Source: US Geological Survey

    Breadcrumb

    1. News

    A new framework for guiding management decisions for amphibians in an uncertain future

    Amphibians face an uncertain future in the Southern Rocky Mountains. Disease, such as the deadly amphibian chytrid fungus, habitat loss, and drought are all considerable threats to amphibians in the region. A recently developed decision framework aims to assist resource managers in reducing these threats to amphibians.

    FORT researchers, in collaboration with Conservation Science Partners, Inc., developed a decision support framework for managing amphibians in an uncertain future. They used boreal toads, a relatively data rich species, as a case study to develop an occupancy model that incorporates multiple threats, including disease and changes in hydrology. The model relies on novel metrics that describe changes in drying patterns of >150 historical boreal toad breeding sites in the Southern Rocky Mountain Region (SRMR). The changes in drying patterns of breeding sites were derived via an analysis of >30 years of Landsat imagery. The model outputs form the basis of a web-based decision support tool that allows managers to visually and quantitatively assess tradeoffs between disease, habitat suitability, and fire risk. 

    The associated web tool provides information on the probabilities of occupancy, colonization, and extinction under current and future environmental conditions for both boreal toads and the amphibian chytrid fungus at multiple spatial scales (individual breeding pond, toad management units within the SRMR, and across the SRMR as whole). It also includes spatial information on current fire risk, and changes in hydrological patterns at the watershed level over the last thirty years. 

    Screenshot of the Map tab in the Boreal Toad Dashboard. The Boreal Toad Dashboard is a decision-support tool that allows researchers to explore current and future occupancy trends of the boreal toad and amphibian chytrid fungus at breeding sites throughout the Southern Rocky Mountains. In the Map tab, users can explore site level occupancy probabilities, historical and future wetland drying trends, as well as current drying trends and burn probability for watersheds suitable for boreal toads. Note that site-level data are not displayed here as they are considered sensitive data, but are available to toad managers from state and federal agencies (e.g., Colorado Parks and Wildlife, U.S. Forest Service) in a password protected version of the dashboard. In other tabs, users can explore graphs of occupancy and colonization trends for individual breeding sites, mountain ranges, and the Southern Rocky Mountains as a whole.

    The tool was co-created with the Boreal Toad Conservation Team to help inform decisions regarding habitat management/restoration and reintroduction strategies for populations of boreal toads in the SRMR. USGS researchers also demonstrated the utility of their hydrologic modeling framework to be applied to other amphibians of management concern in the region with sparse data: the wood frog and Great Basin spadefoot toad. 

    For more information, check out the comprehensive report and the interactive, web-based decision support tool that allows users to engage with the model outputs. The corresponding code and model outputs are also available via a software release and data release, respectively.

    Related

    December 31, 2020

    A Framework for Guiding Management Decisions for Amphibians in an Uncertain Future

    Amphibians are a group of animals facing especially severe declines due to many factors including climate change and a common pathogen, the amphibian chytrid fungus. To make informed decisions about amphibians, wildlife managers need to identify species facing the greatest threats and the actions that will most effectively minimize impacts of those threats. Although some amphibian…

    Amphibians are a group of animals facing especially severe declines due to many factors including climate change and a common pathogen, the amphibian chytrid fungus. To make informed decisions about amphibians, wildlife managers need to identify species facing the greatest threats and the actions that will most effectively minimize impacts of those threats. Although some amphibian species are rela

    Learn More

    MIL OSI USA News –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI United Nations: Effective partnerships can stop the next pandemic

    Source: United Nations 2

    Dr. Ibrahim Abubakar, a professor of infectious diseases at University College London,  issued this warning at a recent meeting of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in New York.

    It is not a question of if but when, and Dr. Abubakar believes the answer is sooner than anyone wants in part because the global healthcare system remains drastically  siloed.

    This is a problem because, intrinsically, a pandemic cannot be stopped by one country alone.

    “Infectious diseases will not respect borders. Therefore, health systems to ensure equity, dignity and universal access must also be agile to implement policies across borders,” Dr. Abubakar said.

    Rather, stopping pandemics — and promoting broader global development — requires robust partnerships and consistent investment in multilateral systems as a practice, not just an ideal.

    “If we are to meet the ambitions of the 2030 Agenda, we must reimagine cooperation, not as a transactional action but as a dynamic, inclusive and future-ready partnership,” said Lok Bahadur Thapa, vice president of ECOSOC.

    A goal to unite all goals 

    The High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) on Sustainable Development is convening at UN Headquarters in New York to discuss progress – or lack thereof – towards the globally agreed 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

    The first 16 SDGs deal with specific aspects of development — such as poverty, gender equality and climate change — but the 17th puts forward a path to achieve the others. And this path lies in embracing global partnerships between State governments, civil society organizations, communities and the private sector.

    However, with an annual financing gap for the SDGs which exceeds $4 trillion, the partnerships of today are not sufficient to realize the goals for tomorrow.

    “We must forge truly transformative partnerships that break traditional silos: governments, civil society, the private sector and multilateral institutions all have roles to play in an inclusive coalition for sustainable development,” Dima Al-Khatib, director of the UN Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC) said at an HLPF event.

    Prioritize prevention, not reaction

    Right now, the current health system, which includes pandemic preparedness, is oriented towards halting health emergencies once they emerge as opposed to proactively preventing them, according to Dr. Abubakar.

    Member States recently adopted a pandemic prevention treaty which endeavours to do just this — limit the likelihood of future pandemics.

    But for many, this emphasis on prevention extends beyond pandemics to issues like rehabilitation services and primary care, both of which experts say are critical investments not only in human well-being but also in peace and security.

    Moreover, these types of preventative medicine are cheaper than reactive medicine, according to Mandeep Dhaliwal, the Director of Health at the UN Development Programme (UNDP).  

    “It’s important to invest in prevention as much as it is in treatment, and it is more cost-effective because … you’re turning off the tap,” Ms. Dhaliwal said.

    However, convincing investors to support preventive care can be difficult because, when done correctly, tangible results are not necessarily visible.

    Health is in every system

    Nevertheless, investing in preventive medicine like primary care and the socioeconomic determinants of health — such as climate and nutrition — can help ensure that health systems are holistically supporting people before a crisis begins.

    “Health is not a silo… the factors that influence health are often outside the health sector,” Ms. Dhaliwal said, citing the example of air pollution which is a climate problem that inherently influences health.  

    This sort of holistic investment requires robust partnerships which work to ensure that every initiative — no matter how seemingly distanced — considers health implications.

    “We have too often treated [health] as a downstream issue, something that improves only if other systems are working. But we now understand that health and well-being is not simply the result of good developments. It’s the starting point,” said Tony Ott, a professor of agricultural sciences at the Pennsylvania State University.

    The weak link in the health system

    Migrants and displaced people tend to be among those least likely to have access to preventive medicine and often those most impacted by the social determinants of health.

    “Migration and displacement, whether it’s driven by conflict, climate change or economic factors, are defining factors in terms of our health,” he said.  

    By the end of 2024, 123.2 million people were forcibly displaced worldwide, a decade-high number which proves that in the 10 years since the SDGs were adopted, the world has regressed in relation to displacements.

    For Dr. Abubakar, these displaced people — and the millions more voluntary migrants — embody why the health system simply cannot continue to silo itself and must instead embrace cross-border partnerships.

    “Health systems must ensure access to essential services regardless of immigration status … Any community without access is that weak link that may mean we are all not protected,” Dr. Abubakar said, referring to the next pandemic.

    Communities at the centre

    The idea of partnerships as foundational to achieving the SDGs is logical for many people. After all, the goals are universal in nature and demand global collaboration.

    But this collaboration, especially for health, must do more than just engage experts — it must engage the people who seek out healthcare. Dr. Abubakar said that all health policies must be culturally appropriate to local contexts, something which can only happen if communities are placed at the centre of healthcare.

    “The new future that I see would embrace global partnership, including countries irrespective of income level, public and private sector, academic and civil society. And within this framework, communities must be at the centre… not just as recipients but as co-creators of solutions.”
     

    MIL OSI United Nations News –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Analysis: AI in universities: How large language models are transforming research

    Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Ali Shiri, Professor of Information Science & Vice Dean, Faculty of Graduate & Postdoctoral Studies, University of Alberta

    Generative AI, especially large language models (LLMs), present exciting and unprecedented opportunities and complex challenges for academic research and scholarship.

    As the different versions of LLMs (such as ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, Perplexity.ai and Grok) continue to proliferate, academic research is beginning to undergo a significant transformation.

    Students, researchers and instructors in higher education need AI literacy knowledge, competencies and skills to address these challenges and risks.

    In a time of rapid change, students and academics are advised to look to their institutions, programs and units for discipline-specific policy or guidelines regulating the use of AI.

    Researcher use of AI

    A recent study led by a data science researcher found that at least 13.5 per cent of biomedical abstracts last year showed signs of AI-generated text.




    Read more:
    AI-detection software isn’t the solution to classroom cheating — assessment has to shift


    Large language models can now support nearly every stage of the research process, although caution and human oversight are always needed to judge when use is appropriate, ethical or warranted — and to account for questions of quality control and accuracy. LLMs can:

    • Help brainstorm, generate and refine research ideas and formulate hypotheses;

    • Design experiments and conduct and synthesize literature reviews;

    • Write and debug code;

    • Analyze and visualize both qualitative and quantitative data;

    • Develop interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological frameworks;

    • Suggest relevant sources and citations, summarize complex texts and draft abstracts;

    • Support the dissemination and presentation of research findings, in popular formats.

    However, there are significant concerns and challenges surrounding the appropriate, ethical, responsible and effective use of generative AI tools in the conduct of research, writing and research dissemination. These include:

    • Misrepresentation of data and authorship;

    • Difficulty in replication of research results;

    • Data and algorithmic biases and inaccuracies;

    • User and data privacy and confidentiality;

    • Quality of outputs, data and citation fabrication;

    • And copyright and intellectual property infringement.

    AI research assistants, ‘deep research’ AI agents

    There are two categories of emerging LLM-enhanced tools that support academic research:

    1. AI research assistants: The number of AI research assistants that support different aspects and steps of the research process is growing at an exponential rate. These technologies have the potential to enhance and extend traditional research methods in academic work. Examples include AI assistants that support:

    • Concept mapping (Kumu, GitMind, MindMeister);

    • Literature and systematic reviews (Elicit, Undermind, NotebookLM, SciSpace);

    • Literature search (Consensus, ResearchRabbit, Connected Papers, Scite);

    • Literature analysis and summarization (Scholarcy, Paper Digest, Keenious);

    • And research topic and trend detection and analysis (Scinapse, tlooto, Dimension AI).

    2. ‘Deep research’ AI agents: The field of artificial intelligence is advancing quickly with the rise of “deep research” AI agents. These next-generation agents combine LLMs, retrieval-augmented generation and sophisticated reasoning frameworks to conduct in-depth, multi-step analyses.

    Research is currently being conducted to evaluate the quality and effectiveness of deep research tools. New evaluation criteria are being developed to assess their performance and quality.

    Criteria include elements such as cost, speed, editing ease and overall user experience — as well as citation and writing quality, and how these deep research tools adhere to prompts.

    The purpose of deep research tools is to meticulously extract, analyze and synthesize scholarly information, empirical data and diverse perspectives from a wide array of online and social media sources. The output is a detailed report, complete with citations, offering in-depth insights into complex topics.

    In just a short span of four months (December 2024 to February 2025), several companies (like Google Gemini, Perplexity.ai and ChatGPT) introduced their “deep research” platforms.

    The Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, a non-profit AI research institute based in Seattle, is experimenting with a new open access research tool called Ai2 ScholarQA that helps researchers conduct literature reviews more efficiently by providing more in-depth answers.

    Emerging guidelines

    Several guidelines have been developed to encourage the responsible and ethical use of generative AI in research and writing. Examples include:

    • The Government of Canada Guide on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence. This counsels federal institutions and academics to explore potential uses of generative AI tools, and follow a recommended framework for decision-making about them, including responsible communication and transparency.

    • Guidance from publicly funded federal agencies — collectively known as the Tri-Council Agency — offering research grants and programs covering different research disciplines.

    • The Observatory in AI Policies in Canadian Post-Secondary Education, run by the firm Higher Education Strategy Associates, lists AI policies and guidelines developed by more than 30 Canadian higher education institutions.

    LLMs support interdisciplinary research

    LLMs are also powerful tools to support interdisciplinary research. Recent emerging research (yet to be peer reviewed) on the effectiveness of LLMs for research suggests they have great potential in areas such as biological sciences, chemical sciences, engineering, environmental as well as social sciences. It also suggests LLMs can help eliminate disciplinary silos by bringing together data and methods from different fields and automating data collection and generation to create interdisciplinary datasets.

    Helping to analyze and summarize large volumes of research across various disciplines can aid interdisciplinary collaboration. “Expert finder” AI-powered platforms can analyze researcher profiles and publication networks to map expertise, identify potential collaborators across fields and reveal unexpected interdisciplinary connections.

    This emerging knowledge suggests these models will be able to help researchers drive breakthroughs by combining insights from diverse fields — like epidemiology and physics, climate science and economics or social science and climate data — to address complex problems.




    Read more:
    The world is not moving fast enough on climate change — social sciences can help explain why


    Research-focused AI literacy

    Canadian universities and research partnerships are providing AI literacy education to people in universities and beyond.

    The Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute offers K-12 AI literacy programming and other resources. The institute is a not-for profit organization and part of Canada’s Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy.

    Many universities are offering AI literacy educational opportunities that focus specifically on the use of generative AI tools in assisting research activities.

    Collaborative university work is also happening. For example, as vice dean of the Faculty of Graduate & Postdoctoral Studies at the University of Alberta (and an information science professor), I have worked with deans from the University of Manitoba, the University of Winnipeg and Vancouver Island University to develop guidelines and recommendations around generative AI and graduate and postdoctoral research and supervision.

    Considering the growing power and capabilities of large language models, there is an urgent need to develop AI literacy training tailored for academic researchers.

    This training should focus on both the potential and the limitations of these tools in the different stages of the research process and writing.

    Ali Shiri does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. AI in universities: How large language models are transforming research – https://theconversation.com/ai-in-universities-how-large-language-models-are-transforming-research-260547

    MIL OSI Analysis –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Analysis: Dating app categories could be shaping you more than you know

    Source: The Conversation – UK – By Kevin Guyan, Chancellor’s Fellow & Director of the Gender + Sexuality Data Lab, University of Edinburgh

    Natalllenka.m/Shutterstock

    Any account of love and dating in the 2020s is incomplete without addressing an uncomfortable topic: are our encounters with technology shaping who we are and how we desire?

    Dating apps such as Tinder, Bumble and Feeld allow users to choose from dozens of genders, sexualities, desires and relationship types. Commonplace descriptors such as “straight”, “gay” and “bisexual” are now joined by labels including “polysexual” (an attraction to multiple, but not all, genders), “skoliosexual” (an attraction predominantly to people who don’t conform to traditional gender norms) and “heteroflexible” (an attraction that is mostly heterosexual with some exceptions).

    But do these categories provide a more accurate representation of the world beyond the app? Or do they partly construct the world they claim to describe?

    As a regular user of gay dating apps throughout the late 2000s and early 2010s, I discovered a menu of categories to describe myself. There was everything from “twinks” (slim build, youthful appearance and little or no body hair) and “otters” (the same but with a bit more body hair and a more masculine appearance) to “bears” (large build and lots of body hair) and “muscle daddies” (older with a muscular physique).

    I quickly understood how to maximise my success on the app by hacking the algorithm: the curated buzzwords in my bio, profile pics that struck the right balance between “sexy” and “intelligent”, how often to use the app and when. If the app gave prominence to a certain “category” of gay man in its listings, I was more than willing to present myself as that category.

    But, in the process, the line between the category and the thing being categorised (me and my desires) became increasingly impossible to untangle.

    This experience inspired research in my new book Rainbow Trap, which investigates the technical aspects of app design and how the provision of more “inclusive categories” for LGBTQ+ communities often does nothing to reconfigure the narrow accounts of desire encoded in the tech.


    Dating today can feel like a mix of endless swipes, red flags and shifting expectations. From decoding mixed signals to balancing independence with intimacy, relationships in your 20s and 30s come with unique challenges. Love IRL is the latest series from Quarter Life that explores it all.

    These research-backed articles break down the complexities of modern love to help you build meaningful connections, no matter your relationship status.


    Writing in the early 2000s, science and technology scholars Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star coined the term “convergence” to describe what happens when “people get put into categories and learn from those categories how to behave”. Philosopher of science Ian Hacking similarly used the term looping effect“ to describe the multi-directional relationship between a category and the “thing” being categorised.

    These encounters, however, highlight a fundamental tension between queer communities and classifications: the classifications used to describe us also come to define us. This can determine what doors are opened and closed and who we are allowed to be.

    Thinking back to my early forays into dating apps, I would often assign myself to the category of “twink”. Although used by app designers to assist with the algorithmic sorting of users, the identity felt contoured to my life.

    The connections suggested by the app, based on my self-categorisation as a “twink”, felt as if they reflected who I was and what I had always wanted. And, for a period, I believed it.

    However, in hindsight, I don’t know if I was ever really attracted to men with 26-inch waists and hair frazzled by too much bleach. I had limited myself to what the app told me I should like. But desire isn’t so easily put into a box.

    Getting critical about categories

    Underpinning the mechanics of all dating apps are categories, and we can learn a lot about love and dating by thinking critically about the categories used.

    Between 2021 and 2023, Tinder reported a 30% increase in the use of gender identities other than “male” or “female” on the app, creating more than 145 million new matches. Identification with the label “non-binary” also more than doubled in just one year.

    In 2023, the dating app Feeld (which describes itself as designed “for the curious”) reported that more than half its users who identified as “heterosexual” connected with someone on the app who did not identify as “heterosexual”. Feeld also has claimed that over 180,000 people “changed their sexuality” during their first year of using the app and that “the longer Feeld members are on the app, the less heterosexual they get”.

    I am not suggesting that our navigation of love and dating through the prism of technology (and its growing menu of categories) is making us more queer – as these technologies could just as equally be making us more straight. But whatever is happening, it is clear that assigning yourself to a particular category opens and closes opportunities for love and desire.

    It is app designers who then hold the power to decide what connections are made – for example, whether “twinks” connect with “bears”, whether your category features first or last on the home page. Because the classifications used to describe us are also now defining us, app designers partly shape how you think about yourself and your desires. This power does not stop when you turn off the app, it extends into offline worlds too.

    So, for app users, be open to how your encounters with categories shape who and how you desire. Who will the app include and exclude based on your self-categorisation? And is that the experience you necessarily what?

    Kevin Guyan does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. Dating app categories could be shaping you more than you know – https://theconversation.com/dating-app-categories-could-be-shaping-you-more-than-you-know-256368

    MIL OSI Analysis –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI United Kingdom: MHRA’s 2024–25 Annual Report and Accounts and Impact Report show progress on safety, innovation, and regulatory excellence

    Source: United Kingdom – Executive Government & Departments

    News story

    MHRA’s 2024–25 Annual Report and Accounts and Impact Report show progress on safety, innovation, and regulatory excellence

    The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has published its 2024–25 Annual Report and Accounts, and accompanying Impact Report.

    The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has published its 2024–25 Annual Report and Accounts, and accompanying Impact Report, demonstrating how we have enhanced patient safety across the UK, restored our performance to ensure we are meeting regulatory timelines, and sharing our success in enabling access to life-changing medical products.

    As an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care, the MHRA plays a critical role in protecting public health while supporting the UK’s £100 billion life sciences sector. Over the past year, the agency has significantly improved its core operations by enhancing safety systems, clearing licensing backlogs, and helping bring safe innovative treatments and technologies to patients faster.

    Highlights of the MHRA’s work in 2024–25 include:

    • Clearing all statutory backlogs by March 2025 and consistently meeting statutory targets for clinical trials.
    • Approving more than 2,000 licences for medicines, including 54 new medicines, such as treatments for Alzheimer’s, rare diseases, and cancer.
    • Assessing over 5,000 clinical trial applications and launching the UK’s most significant clinical trial regulatory reform in over two decades.
    • Supporting patient safety through the assessment of over 100,000 adverse drug reaction reports and blocking over 1.5 million unregulated online listings.
    • Piloting a world-first AI Airlock to safely develop artificial intelligence in medical devices.
    • Providing over 127,000 units of biological standards worldwide and launching new World Health Organisation-endorsed standards to strengthen global pandemic preparedness.

    The reports also reflect the MHRA’s strengthened focus on patient and public engagement, environmental sustainability, and global regulatory collaboration, with over £7 million in research grants supporting cutting-edge regulatory science.

    The reports also highlight the MHRA’s focus on strengthening internal capability and real-world evidence. Through the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), the agency continues to support public health research with anonymised data from UK GP practices.

    Internally, the MHRA has enhanced its digital infrastructure, improved cyber resilience, and modernised customer services, while investing in its people through graduate schemes, apprenticeships, and strong governance.

    View the MHRA Annual Report and Accounts 2024–25 and MHRA Impact Report 2024–25.

    For media enquiries, please contact: newscentre@mhra.gov.uk or call 020 3080 7651.

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    Updates to this page

    Published 21 July 2025

    MIL OSI United Kingdom –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI USA: Applicator Recall: Integra LifeSciences Removes MicroMyst Applicators Due to Potential Sterility Concerns

    Source: US Department of Health and Human Services – 3

    This recall involves removing devices from where they are used or sold. The FDA has identified this recall as the most serious type. This device may cause serious injury or death if you continue to use it.
    Affected Product

    Manufacturer’s Product Number (Catalog Number)  

    Product Name (Description) 

    UDI Number

    Lot Number

    Expiration Date

    205000DS

    MicroMyst Applicator, Box of 5

    10381780000112

    All expired and unexpired lots
    All expired and unexpired lots

    What to Do

    Identify any affected products at your facility.
    Remove them from service and quarantine them.
    Discard expired lots.

    On May 23, 2025, Integra LifeSciences sent all affected customers an Urgent Voluntary Medical Device Recall letter recommending the following actions:
    For customers

    Determine if product you have is subject to the recall based on impacted part and lot number.
    Immediately remove any affected products from service and quarantine.
    Complete the acknowledgment form attached to the letter, even if you do not have affected product.

    Record the lot number and total quantity of affected product.
    Send completed acknowledgement form by email to FCA1@integralife.com or fax to 1-609-750-4220.
    After the acknowledgement form is received, customer service will provide a Return Material Authorization (RMA) number and directions to return affected product. You can request a credit for returned quantities. Note: Credit will only be given for the impacted lot(s) that are returned.

    Keep a copy of the form for your records.
    Forward the notice to people who use the product so they are aware of this recall and can identify and quarantine any affected product that may remain in clinical areas.

    For distributors/sales representatives

    Determine if product you have is subject to the recall based on impacted part and lot number.
    Remove any affected products from further distribution.
    Complete the acknowledgment form attached to the letter, even if you do not have affected product.

    Record the lot number and total quantity of affected product.
    Send completed acknowledgement form by email to FCA1@integralife.com or fax to 1-609-750-4220.
    After the acknowledgement form is received, customer service will provide a Return Material Authorization (RMA) number and directions to return affected product. You can request a credit for returned quantities. Note: Credit will only be given for the impacted lot(s) that are returned.

    Keep a copy of the form for your records.
    Check customer traceability records for shipments of affected catalog and lot numbers.
    If impacted product was shipped to customers, please:

    Create an acknowledgement form from you to your customers.
    Forward a copy of the notice and your acknowledgement form to any customers who purchased affected catalog and lot numbers.
    Collect completed response forms and affected product from your customers.
    Indicate total quantities and lots in the distributor reply form provided with the letter.
    After the acknowledgement form is received, customer service will provide a Return Material Authorization (RMA) number and directions to return affected product. Distributors can request a credit for returned quantities. Note: Credit will only be given for the impacted lot(s) that are returned.

    If you are a sales representative, Post Market Quality will contact you and provide you with directions to return the product after the acknowledgement form has been returned and indicates you have affected product.

    Reason for Recall
    Integra LifeSciences is recalling MicroMyst Applicators due to incomplete bioburden assessments and incomplete sterilization location transfer documentation, both of which help ensure the products were effectively sterilized. The use of affected product may cause serious adverse health consequences, including inflammation, infection, and death.
    Integra LifeSciences has not reported any serious injuries or deaths associated with this issue.
    Device Use
    The MicroMyst Applicator is intended for use in the delivery of the two DuraSeal precursor solutions onto a surgical site at the same time. It is a sterile, single-use device with a 14 cm, dual lumen, stainless steel cannula and an outer sheath used during surgical procedures.
    Contact Information
    Customers in the U.S. with questions about this recall should contact their Integra sales representative or customer service at 1-800-654-2873 or custsvcnj@integralife.com
    Additional FDA Resources:
    FDA’s Enforcement ReportMedical Device Recall Database
    Unique Device Identifier (UDI)
    The unique device identifier (UDI) helps identify individual medical devices sold in the United States from manufacturing through distribution to patient use. The UDI allows for more accurate reporting, reviewing, and analyzing of adverse event reports so that devices can be identified, and problems potentially corrected more quickly.

    How do I report a problem?
    Health care professionals and consumers may report adverse reactions or quality problems they experienced using these devices to MedWatch: The FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program. 

    Content current as of:
    07/21/2025

    Regulated Product(s)

    MIL OSI USA News –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI United Nations: 21 July 2025 Departmental update Partner spotlight: Centre for Pathogen Genomics celebrates two years of partnership with the WHO International Pathogen Surveillance Network

    Source: World Health Organisation

    The Centre for Pathogen Genomics is a leading academic and training hub for infectious diseases genomics in the Asia-Pacific region at the University of Melbourne, based at the Doherty Institute. The Centre’s mission is to build collaborative partnerships to support accessible pathogen genomics globally, through translational research and research training; and also to provide support for genomics-informed infectious disease surveillance and response, through strategy development, capacity building and training.

    As one of the earliest members of the International Pathogen Surveillance Network (IPSN), the Centre has contributed expertise in governance, evaluation, epidemiology, bioinformatics and public health. The ISPN was established in 2023 to help protect people from infectious disease threats through the power of pathogen genomics. By connecting countries and regions, the network will strengthen sample analysis to inform public health decisions and provide a platform for enhanced data sharing.

    The partnership with IPSN has driven new collaborations, linkage with the global genomics community, capacity building and training initiatives, and development of key resources in the IPSN toolkit. Furthermore, the Centre co-hosted the IPSN’s 2024 Global Partners Forum in Bangkok. The event showcased the significant contribution of the ISPN towards improved access to genomics, and promotion of locallyled and globally supported initiatives to enhance genomic surveillance.

    Sustainable Training and Implementation Workshop hosted by the Centre for Pathogen Geonomics and the IPSN in Bangkok, November 2024. More than 70 stakeholders from WHO, donors and funders, regional networks, public health and research institutions across the Asia-Pacific and globally participated in discussions on best practice approaches for harmonized and sustainable public health training and implementation.

    © WHO / Sahawate Suedee, Picturian Production House

    One of the Centre’s key activities with the IPSN has been the development of a Monitoring and Evaluation Tool (M&E) for the IPSN toolkit, Capacity Strengthening Framework for Pathogen Genomics Informed Surveillance Systems. The M&E Tool is aligned with other IPSN tools and resources, and structured to support implementation of WHO’s Global Genomic Surveillance Strategy. It aims to provide countries, funders, and implementers with a standardized approach to systematically assess progress towards implementing the established goals for a public health pathogen genomics surveillance system.

    At the core of the tool is a capacity matrix, which measures progress across different components of pathogen genomics surveillance.  Structured into sections, each contains a series of scored items covering:

    1. genomics-informed surveillance and policy
    2. specimen selection, collection and referral
    3. laboratory workflow
    4. bioinformatics and analysis
    5. reporting and communication
    6. implementation in public health practice.

    The development of this new tool has been a collaborative effort with a number of global leaders in genomics such as the UK Health Security Agency, Robert Koch Institute, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), and the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL). Each has provided invaluable time, expertise and experience to the M&E Technical Working Group.

    Bacterial genomics sequence training delivered by the Centre at the Medical Research Institute, Sri Lanka as part of the ‘Piloting the application of pathogen genomics for surveillance of food borne and AMR disease’ project awarded in the 1st IPSN Catalytic Grant round (April 2025).

    © Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity

    “Collaboration is central to everything we do,” said Professor Ben Howden, Co-director of the Centre Pathogen Genomics.  “It drives innovation, fosters meaningful results, and strengthens global impact. Since its inception, the IPSN has been a leading force in expanding outreach, engagement, and partnerships across the genomics community at national, regional, and global levels. We are proud to have supported IPSN in mobilizing global resources, knowledge, and expertise to build more sustainable and resilient global health surveillance systems using pathogen genomics. We extend our congratulations to IPSN on its 2-year Anniversary. The dedication to knowledge sharing, capacity building, and advancing research and public health partnerships have strengthened our collective mission in ensuring equitable and sustainable access to genomic technology, tools, and resources for all. We look forward to another transformative year with the team.”

    Starting mid-2025, the Centre will commence piloting of the M&E Tool with support from the IPSN, and WHO regional and country offices. The purpose of the pilot is to further refine the user experience and improve functionality and applicability of the tool across contexts, through an iterative feedback and improvement process. Importantly, it will demonstrate how the M&E Tool is used across diverse countries, sectors and organizations with varying levels of genomics capacity.

    Sustainable Training and Implementation Workshop: Asia-Pacific held in Bangkok, Thailand and jointly hosted by the Centre for Pathogen Genomics, IPSN and Wellcome Connecting Science (November 2024).

    © WHO / Sahawate Suedee, Picturian Production House

    MIL OSI United Nations News –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI United Nations: Secretary-General’s remarks to the High-level Political Forum [bilingual as delivered, scroll down for all-English and all-French]

    Source: United Nations secretary general

    This year’s High-Level Political Forum arrives at a time of profound challenge – but also real possibility.

    Despite enormous headwinds, we have seen just in the last two months what can be achieved when countries come together with conviction and focus.

    We saw it in Geneva, where the World Health Assembly adopted the Pandemic Agreement — a vital step toward a safer, more equitable global health architecture.

    We saw it in Nice at the Third UN Ocean Conference, where governments committed to expand marine protected areas and tackle plastic pollution and illegal fishing.

    And we saw it in Sevilla at the Fourth International Financing for Development Conference, where countries agreed on a new vision for global finance — one that expands fiscal space, lowers the cost of capital, and ensures developing countries have a stronger voice and participation in the organizations that shape their future. 

    These are not isolated wins.

    They are signs of momentum.

    Signs that multilateralism can deliver.

    Signs that transformation is not only necessary — it is possible.

    And that is the spirit we bring to this High-Level Political Forum.

    Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen,

    This Forum is about renewing our common promise — to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all.

    We also recognize the deep linkages between development and peace.

    We meet against the backdrop of global conflicts that are pushing the Sustainable Development Goals further out of reach.

    That’s why we must keep working for peace in the Middle East.

    Over the weekend in Gaza, we saw yet more mass shootings and killings of people seeking UN aid for their families – an atrocious and inhumane act which I utterly condemn.

    We need an immediate ceasefire in Gaza, the immediate release of all hostages, and unimpeded humanitarian access as a first step to achieve the two-State solution.

    We need the ceasefire between Iran and Israel to hold.

    We need a just and lasting peace in Ukraine based on the UN Charter, international law and UN resolutions. 

    We need an end to the horror and bloodshed in Sudan.

    And the list goes on, from the DRC to Somalia, from the Sahel to Myanmar.

    At every step, we know sustainable peace requires sustainable development.

    The Sustainable Development Goals are not a dream.

    They are a plan.

    A plan to keep our promises — to the most vulnerable people, to each other, and to future generations.

    People win when we channel our energy into development.

    Since 2015, millions more people have access to electricity, clean cooking, and the internet.

    Social protection now reaches over half the world’s population — up from just a quarter a decade ago.

    More girls are completing school.

    Child marriage is declining.

    Women’s representation is growing — from the boardrooms of business to the halls of political power.  

    But we must face a tough reality:

    Only 35 per cent of SDG targets are on track or making moderate progress.

    Nearly half are moving too slowly.

    And 18 per cent are going backwards.

    Meanwhile, the global economy is slowing.

    Trade tensions are rising.

    Inequalities are growing.

    Aid budgets are being decimated while military spending soars.

    And mistrust, division and outright conflicts are placing the international problem-solving system under unprecedented strain.

    We cannot sugarcoat these facts. But we must not surrender to them either.

    The SDGs are still within reach — if we act with urgency and ambition.

    This year’s Forum focuses on five critical Goals: health, gender equality, decent work, life below water, and global partnerships.

    All are essential. All are interconnected. All can spur change across other goals.

    On health, COVID-19 exposed and deepened inequalities – and today, far too many people still lack access to basic care.
    We know what works.

    We must boost investment in universal health coverage, rooted in strong primary care and prevention, reaching those furthest behind first.

    On gender equality, gaps remain wide.

    Women and girls face systemic barriers — from violence and discrimination to unpaid care and limited political voice.

    But we also see growing momentum: from grassroots movements to national reforms.

    Now is the time to turn that momentum into transformation — with rights-based policies, accountability, and real financing into programmes that support inclusion and equality for women and girls.

    On decent work, the global economy is leaving billions behind.

    Over 2 billion people are in informal jobs. Youth unemployment is stubbornly high.

    But we have tools to change this.

    The Global Accelerator on Jobs and Social Protection is helping countries invest in expanded social protection initiatives, skills training, and the creation of sustainable livelihoods — including in growing industries like clean energy.

    Tomorrow, I will deliver an address on the enormous opportunities of the renewables revolution.

    The upcoming World Summit on Social Development can help spur further progress.

    Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen,

    On life below water, our ocean and the communities that count on it are paying the price of overfishing, pollution, and climate change.

    We must deliver on the commitments of the Nice Ocean Conference — to protect marine ecosystems and support the millions who depend on them.

    And, finally, on global partnerships — SDG 17 — we need to strengthen all the elements that can support progress.

    This means investing in science, data, and local capacity.

    And harnessing digital innovation — including artificial intelligence — to accelerate progress, not deepen divides.

    Throughout, we must recognize the need to reform the unfair global financial system, which no longer represents today’s world or the challenges faced by developing countries.

    We must ensure a reform for developing countries to have a stronger voice and greater participation to help advance the Sustainable Development Goals on the ground.

    The Sevilla Commitment that emerged from the Conference on Financing for Development includes important steps: 

    Through new domestic and global commitments that can channel public and private finance to the areas of greatest need.

    By increasing the capacity of governments to substantially mobilize domestic resources, including through tax reform.

    And by establishing a more effective framework for debt relief and tripling the lending capacity of multilateral development banks to the benefit of developing countries. 

    Excellences,

    Au cours de l’année à venir, nous devons continuer à construire.

    Nous devons renforcer et élargir les partenariats qui portent leurs fruits – y compris avec le secteur privé et les organisations de la société civile et les pouvoirs locaux. 

    Nous devons faire en sorte que chaque décision s’inscrive dans une réflexion à long terme, comme nous nous y sommes engagés dans la Déclaration sur les générations futures.

    Et nous devons continuer d’apprendre les uns des autres.

    Les Examens nationaux volontaires, qui constituent la clé de voûte de ce forum, sont bien plus que de simples rapports.

    Ce sont des actes de responsabilité.

    Ce sont de véritables parcours d’introspection, que les pays suivent à mesure qu’ils se développent et se construisent.

    Et ce sont des modèles que les autres pays peuvent suivre et dont ils peuvent s’inspirer.

    À la fin de ce forum politique de haut niveau pour le développement durable, nous aurons dépassé les 400 examens, et plus de 150 pays en auront présenté plus d’un.

    Il s’agit là d’un signal fort d’engagement.

    Une preuve indéniable que des solutions existent et qu’elles peuvent être reproduites et étendues.

    À cinq ans de l’échéance, le temps est venu de convertir ces prémices de transformation en un puissant élan de progrès – qui bénéficie à tous les pays.

    Agissons avec détermination, justice et vision.

    Et concrétisons le développement – pour les personnes et pour la planète.

    Je vous remercie.

    ****
    [all-English]

    This year’s High-Level Political Forum arrives at a time of profound challenge – but also real possibility.

    Despite enormous headwinds, we have seen just in the last two months what can be achieved when countries come together with conviction and focus.

    We saw it in Geneva, where the World Health Assembly adopted the Pandemic Agreement — a vital step toward a safer, more equitable global health architecture.

    We saw it in Nice at the Third UN Ocean Conference, where governments committed to expand marine protected areas and tackle plastic pollution and illegal fishing.

    And we saw it in Sevilla at the Fourth International Financing for Development Conference, where countries agreed on a new vision for global finance — one that expands fiscal space, lowers the cost of capital, and ensures developing countries have a stronger voice and participation in the organizations that shape their future.

    These are not isolated wins.

    They are signs of momentum.

    Signs that multilateralism can deliver.

    Signs that transformation is not only necessary — it is possible.

    And that is the spirit we bring to this High-Level Political Forum.

    Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen,

    This Forum is about renewing our common promise — to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all.

    We also recognize the deep linkages between development and peace.

    We meet against the backdrop of global conflicts that are pushing the Sustainable Development Goals further out of reach.

    That’s why we must keep working for peace in the Middle East.
    Over the weekend in Gaza, we saw yet more mass shootings and killings of people seeking UN aid for their families – an atrocious and inhumane act which I utterly condemn.

    We need an immediate ceasefire in Gaza, the immediate release of all hostages, and unimpeded humanitarian access as a first step to achieve the two-State solution.

    We need the ceasefire between Iran and Israel to hold.

    We need a just and lasting peace in Ukraine based on the UN Charter, international law and UN resolutions. 

    We need an end to the horror and bloodshed in Sudan.

    And the list goes on, from the DRC to Somalia, from the Sahel to Myanmar.

    At every step, we know sustainable peace requires sustainable development.

    The Sustainable Development Goals are not a dream.

    They are a plan.

    A plan to keep our promises — to the most vulnerable people, to each other, and to future generations.

    People win when we channel our energy into development.

    Since 2015, millions more people have access to electricity, clean cooking, and the internet.
    Social protection now reaches over half the world’s population — up from just a quarter a decade ago.

    More girls are completing school.

    Child marriage is declining.

    Women’s representation is growing — from the boardrooms of business to the halls of political power.  

    But we must face a tough reality:

    Only 35 per cent of SDG targets are on track or making moderate progress.

    Nearly half are moving too slowly.

    And 18 per cent are going backwards.

    Meanwhile, the global economy is slowing.
    Trade tensions are rising.

    Inequalities are growing.

    Aid budgets are being decimated while military spending soars.

    And mistrust, division and outright conflicts are placing the international problem-solving system under unprecedented strain.

    We cannot sugarcoat these facts. But we must not surrender to them either.

    The SDGs are still within reach — if we act with urgency and ambition.

    This year’s Forum focuses on five critical Goals: health, gender equality, decent work, life below water, and global partnerships.

    All are essential. All are interconnected. All can spur change across other goals.

    On health, COVID-19 exposed and deepened inequalities – and today, far too many people still lack access to basic care.
    We know what works.

    We must boost investment in universal health coverage, rooted in strong primary care and prevention, reaching those furthest behind first.

    On gender equality, gaps remain wide.

    Women and girls face systemic barriers — from violence and discrimination to unpaid care and limited political voice.

    But we also see growing momentum: from grassroots movements to national reforms.

    Now is the time to turn that momentum into transformation — with rights-based policies, accountability, and real financing into programmes that support inclusion and equality for women and girls.

    On decent work, the global economy is leaving billions behind.

    Over 2 billion people are in informal jobs. Youth unemployment is stubbornly high.

    But we have tools to change this.

    The Global Accelerator on Jobs and Social Protection is helping countries invest in expanded social protection initiatives, skills training, and the creation of sustainable livelihoods — including in growing industries like clean energy.

    Tomorrow, I will deliver an address on the enormous opportunities of the renewables revolution.

    The upcoming World Summit on Social Development can help spur further progress.

    Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen,

    On life below water, our ocean and the communities that count on it are paying the price of overfishing, pollution, and climate change.

    We must deliver on the commitments of the Nice Ocean Conference — to protect marine ecosystems and support the millions who depend on them.

    And, finally, on global partnerships — SDG 17 — we need to strengthen all the elements that can support progress.

    This means investing in science, data, and local capacity.

    And harnessing digital innovation — including artificial intelligence — to accelerate progress, not deepen divides.

    Throughout, we must recognize the need to reform the unfair global financial system, which no longer represents today’s world or the challenges faced by developing countries.

    We must ensure a reform for developing countries to have a stronger voice and greater participation to help advance the Sustainable Development Goals on the ground.

    The Sevilla Commitment that emerged from the Conference on Financing for Development includes important steps: 

    Through new domestic and global commitments that can channel public and private finance to the areas of greatest need.

    By increasing the capacity of governments to substantially mobilize domestic resources, including through tax reform.

    And by establishing a more effective framework for debt relief and tripling the lending capacity of multilateral development banks to the benefit of developing countries. 

    Excellencies,

    In the coming year, we must keep building.

    We must strengthen and scale up partnerships that deliver — including with the private sector and civil society organizations and local authorities. 

    We must embed long-term thinking into every decision, as we committed in the Declaration on Future Generations.

    And we must continue to learn from each other.

    Voluntary National Reviews — the backbone of this Forum — are more than reports.

    They are acts of accountability.

    They are journeys of self-discovery as countries develop and build. 

    And they are templates for other countries to follow and learn from.

    By the end of this HLPF, we will have surpassed 400 reviews — with over 150 countries presenting more than once.

    That is a powerful signal of commitment.

    A clear demonstration that solutions exist and can be replicated and expanded.

    With five years left, it’s time to transform these sparks of transformation into a blaze of progress — for all countries.

    Let us act with determination, justice and direction.

    And let’s deliver on development — for people and for planet. 

    Thank you.

    [all-French]

    Cette année, le forum politique de haut niveau pour le développement durable se tient à une période marquée par de profondes remises en question, mais également par de réelles perspectives.

    Malgré de très puissants vents contraires, nous avons vu, ces deux derniers mois, ce qu’il est possible d’accomplir lorsque les pays s’unissent avec conviction et détermination.

    Nous l’avons vu à Genève, où l’Assemblée mondiale de la Santé a adopté l’Accord sur les pandémies, étape essentielle vers l’établissement d’une architecture mondiale de la santé plus sûre et plus équitable.

    Nous l’avons vu à Nice lors de la troisième Conférence des Nations Unies sur l’océan, où les gouvernements se sont engagés à étendre les aires marines protégées et à lutter contre la pollution plastique et la pêche illicite.

    Nous l’avons vu à Séville lors de la quatrième Conférence internationale sur le financement du développement, où les pays se sont mis d’accord sur une nouvelle conception de ce que doit être le financement mondial : une conception qui donne une plus grande marge de manœuvre budgétaire, qui réduise le coût du capital et qui permette aux pays en développement de mieux se faire entendre et la participation aux organisations qui partagent leur avenir.

    Ce ne sont pas là que des victoires isolées.

    Ce sont des signes qu’une dynamique se crée.

    Des signes que le multilatéralisme peut fonctionner.

    Des signes que, mieux que nécessaire, la transformation est possible.

    Et c’est l’esprit dans lequel nous abordons ce forum politique de haut niveau.

    Excellences,
    Mesdames et Messieurs,

    Le but de cette édition du forum est de renouveler l’engagement que nous avons pris ensemble : celui d’éliminer la pauvreté, protéger la planète et garantir la prospérité pour tous et toutes.

    Et nous sommes bien conscients des liens étroits qui existent entre le développement et la paix.

    Nous nous réunissons aujourd’hui dans le contexte de conflits mondiaux qui mettent les objectifs de développement durable encore plus hors de portée.

    C’est pourquoi nous devons continuer d’œuvrer à la paix au Moyen-Orient.

    Au cours du week-end à Gaza, nous avons assisté à de nouvelles fusillades et à de nouveaux meurtres de personnes cherchant l’aide de l’ONU pour leurs familles – un acte atroce et inhumain que je condamne catégoriquement.

    La solution des deux États doit se réaliser, mais pour cela, à titre préliminaire, il nous faut un cessez-le-feu immédiat à Gaza, une libération immédiate de tous les otages et un accès humanitaire sans entrave.

    Le cessez-le-feu entre l’Iran et Israël doit tenir.

    Il nous faut une paix juste et durable en Ukraine – une paix fondée sur la Charte des Nations Unies, le droit international et les résolutions des organes des Nations Unies.

    L’horreur et le bain de sang doivent cesser au Soudan.

    Au Soudan comme en RDC, en Somalie, au Sahel ou au Myanmar – et la liste est encore longue.

    Et toujours, nous devons nous souvenir qu’il n’y a pas de paix durable sans développement durable.

    Les objectifs de développement durable ne sont pas qu’un idéal.

    Ils portent tout un projet.

    Un projet qui doit nous aider à tenir nos promesses : les promesses faites aux personnes les plus vulnérables, celles que nous nous sommes faites mutuellement et celles que nous avons faites aux générations futures.

    Tout le monde est gagnant lorsque nous appliquons notre énergie au développement.

    Depuis 2015, des millions de personnes supplémentaires ont accès à l’électricité, à des solutions de cuisson propre et à Internet.

    Plus de la moitié de la population mondiale bénéficie désormais de la protection sociale ; ce n’était le cas que d’un quart de la population il y a dix ans.

    Davantage de filles achèvent leur scolarité.

    Les mariages d’enfants sont en baisse.

    Les femmes sont de plus en plus représentées, que ce soit dans les conseils d’administration des entreprises ou dans les sphères du pouvoir politique.

    Pourtant, nous devons reconnaître une dure réalité :

    Seuls 35 % des cibles des objectifs de développement durable sont en voie d’être atteints, ou du moins, enregistrent des progrès modérés dans ce sens.

    Ces progrès sont trop lents pour près de la moitié des cibles.

    Et c’est un recul qui est enregistré pour 18 % d’entre elles.

    Pendant ce temps, l’économie mondiale ralentit.

    Les tensions commerciales s’accentuent.

    Les inégalités augmentent.

    Les budgets consacrés à l’aide sont amputés alors que les dépenses militaires explosent.

    Et, comme jamais, la défiance, les divisions et les conflits ouverts mettent le système international de règlement des problèmes à rude épreuve.

    Cette réalité ne peut être édulcorée, mais elle ne doit pas nous faire fléchir.

    Nous pouvons toujours atteindre les objectifs de développement durable, si nous agissons de toute urgence et avec ambition.

    Cette année, le forum porte sur cinq objectifs fondamentaux : la santé, l’égalité des sexes, le travail décent, la vie aquatique et les partenariats mondiaux.

    Tous sont essentiels. Tous sont interdépendants. Tous sont porteurs de changement dans des domaines relevant d’autres objectifs.

    En ce qui concerne la santé, la COVID-19 a révélé et aggravé les inégalités, et aujourd’hui, beaucoup trop de personnes n’ont toujours pas accès aux soins de base.

    Nous savons ce qui fonctionne.

    Nous devons intensifier les investissements en faveur d’une couverture sanitaire universelle fondée sur un système solide de soins primaires et de prévention, qui servirait en premier lieu les personnes les plus laissées-pour-compte.

    En ce qui concerne l’égalité des sexes, le fossé reste immense.

    Les femmes et les filles se heurtent à des obstacles systémiques, qui vont de la violence et de la discrimination aux travaux domestiques non rémunérés et à un manque de représentation sur la scène politique.

    Nous assistons toutefois également à l’amorce d’une nouvelle dynamique, dans les mouvements locaux, les réformes nationales.

    Le moment est venu de transformer cette dynamique en véritable transformation, en faisant en sorte que des politiques fondées sur les droits, des dispositifs de responsabilité effective et des financements concrets soient mis au service de programmes qui favorisent l’inclusion et l’égalité pour les femmes et les filles.

    En ce qui concerne le travail décent, des milliards de personnes ne profitent pas de l’économie mondiale.

    Elles sont plus de 2 milliards à occuper des emplois informels. Le chômage des jeunes est obstinément élevé.

    Mais nous disposons d’outils pour changer la donne.

    L’Accélérateur mondial pour l’emploi et la protection sociale aide les pays à investir dans des initiatives de protection sociale élargies, dans la formation professionnelle et dans la création de moyens de subsistance durables, notamment dans des secteurs en forte croissance tels que les énergies propres.

    Demain, je prononcerai un discours sur l’immense potentiel que recèle la révolution des énergies renouvelables.

    Le prochain Sommet mondial pour le développement social peut aussi contribuer à accélérer les progrès.

    Excellences, mesdames et messieurs

    En ce qui concerne la vie aquatique, notre océan et les populations qui en dépendent paient le prix de la surpêche, de la pollution et des changements climatiques.

    Nous devons honorer les engagements qui ont été pris lors de la Conférence de Nice sur l’océan, à savoir protéger les écosystèmes marins et soutenir les millions de personnes qui en sont tributaires.

    Enfin, en ce qui concerne les partenariats mondiaux (l’objectif de développement durable no 17), nous devons consolider tous les facteurs de progrès potentiels.

    Autrement dit, il faut investir dans la science, les données et les capacités locales.

    Et exploiter l’innovation numérique – notamment l’intelligence artificielle – pour accélérer le progrès, et non creuser la fracture.

    Ce faisant, nous devons tenir compte de la nécessité de réformer le système financier mondial : un système inéquitable qui n’est plus représentatif du monde d’aujourd’hui ni des problématiques auxquelles font face les pays en développement.

    Nous devons mettre en œuvre une réforme permettant aux pays en développement de mieux se faire entendre et de participer davantage à la réalisation des Objectifs de développement durable sur le terrain.

    L’Engagement de Séville, adopté à l’occasion de la Conférence sur le financement du développement, prévoit un certain nombre de mesures majeures vers :
     

    • de nouveaux engagements nationaux et mondiaux susceptibles de diriger les financements publics et privés vers les secteurs où les besoins sont les plus importants ;
    • un renforcement de la capacité des États à mobiliser des ressources nationales en grandes quantités, notamment au moyen d’une réforme fiscale ;
    • une réforme de l’architecture financière mondiale, visant à permettre aux pays en développement, qui comptent sur ce système pour mieux servir et soutenir leurs populations, de mieux se faire entendre et de participer davantage ;
    • l’établissement d’un cadre plus efficace pour l’allégement de la dette et le triplement des capacités de prêt des banques multilatérales de développement au profit des pays en développement.

    Excellences,

    Au cours de l’année à venir, nous devons continuer à construire.

    Nous devons renforcer et élargir les partenariats qui portent leurs fruits – y compris avec le secteur privé et les organisations de la société civile et les pouvoirs locaux.

    Nous devons faire en sorte que chaque décision s’inscrive dans une réflexion à long terme, comme nous nous y sommes engagés dans la Déclaration sur les générations futures.

    Et nous devons continuer d’apprendre les uns des autres.

    Les Examens nationaux volontaires, qui constituent la clé de voûte de ce forum, sont bien plus que de simples rapports.

    Ce sont des actes de responsabilité.

    Ce sont de véritables parcours d’introspection, que les pays suivent à mesure qu’ils se développent et se construisent.

    Et ce sont des modèles que les autres pays peuvent suivre et dont ils peuvent s’inspirer.

    À la fin de ce forum politique de haut niveau pour le développement durable, nous aurons dépassé les 400 examens, et plus de 150 pays en auront présenté plus d’un.

    Il s’agit là d’un signal fort d’engagement.

    Une preuve indéniable que des solutions existent et qu’elles peuvent être reproduites et étendues.

    À cinq ans de l’échéance, le temps est venu de convertir ces prémices de transformation en un puissant élan de progrès – qui bénéficie à tous les pays.

    Agissons avec détermination, justice et vision.

    Et concrétisons le développement – pour les personnes et pour la planète.

    Je vous remercie.

    MIL OSI United Nations News –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI United Nations: Economic and Social Council Begins High-Level Segment

    Source: United Nations General Assembly and Security Council

    2025 Session,

    33rd & 34th Meetings (AM & PM)

    ECOSOC/7214

    The Economic and Social Council begins its annual high-level segment, including the three-day ministerial segment of the High-level Political Forum under the theme “Advancing sustainable, inclusive, science- and evidence-based solutions for the 2030 Agenda and its SDGs for leaving no one behind”. 

    This morning, Robert Rae, the 54-member body’s President; António Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations; Philémon Yang, President of the seventy-ninth session of the General Assembly; and Carolina Rojas, Technology Focal Point of the Major Group for Children and Youth’s Science-Policy Interface, will open the segment, which will run through Thursday, 24 July.

    Member States will make statements during the general debate to follow in the morning and throughout the afternoon, under the theme “UN@80: Catalyzing Change for Sustainable Development”. 

    Also in the afternoon, the Council begins its voluntary national reviews, on El Salvador, Malta and Thailand, and then on Czechia, Israel and Papua New Guinea.

    For information media. Not an official record.

    MIL OSI United Nations News –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Russia: The State Council of the People’s Republic of China has made a number of appointments

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: People’s Republic of China in Russian – People’s Republic of China in Russian –

    An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

    Source: People’s Republic of China – State Council News

    BEIJING, July 21 (Xinhua) — China’s State Council announced on Monday new appointments to a number of ministries, departments and agencies.

    Xie Yuansheng was appointed Vice Minister of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China. Lin Zhifeng was appointed Vice Minister of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China.

    Liu Jianqiao has been appointed deputy head of the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense.

    Zhao Jianheng has been appointed deputy director of the China Research Institute of Engineering Physics. –0–

    Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    .

    MIL OSI Russia News –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI USA: One Step Closer to Solving a Century-old Crustacean Mystery

    Source: US State of Connecticut

    When you think of barnacles, you likely picture shell-like creatures stuck to the sides of boats or docks, or even whales. However, did you know that some of the barnacles that attach to other animals are not just hitching a ride — they actually hijack their host?  

    “Instead of gluing themselves to a rock or something, they glue themselves to a host, often a crab, and they inject themselves into that host, and live their entire life as a root network growing through their host. It’s almost like a fungal network or plant root system. They have no real body in the way that we think of animal bodies,” says UConn Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Assistant Professor James Bernot.  

    Bernot and his colleagues – including lead author Niklas Dreyer from the Natural History Museum of Denmark and Biodiversity Research Center Academia Sinica, Taiwan; Jørgen Olesen at the Natural History Museum of Denmark; Gregory Kolbasov at Moscow University; Jens Høeg at the University of Copenhagen; and Ryuji Machida and Benny Chan at the Biodiversity Research Center Academia Sinica, Taiwan – published their research on a mysterious group of crustaceans in Current Biology (LINK) to hopefully solve an enduring puzzle about these strange creatures. 

    Bernot explains that barnacles are crustaceans, like crabs or shrimp, and they have evolved unique strategies for survival. For example, they go from a free-swimming larval form to live the rest of their lives permanently attached to their substrate of choice. 

    A particularly enigmatic group called “y-larvae,” also known as Facetotecta, resembles young barnacles. Y-larvae have been studied in plankton samples since the 1800s, but Bernot says the real mystery is figuring out what they grow up to be—so far, the adult stage has never been seen. Though that element remains unanswered, in this new paper, the researchers are getting closer to finding out. 

    To look for clues on how y-larvae fit into the tree of life, the researchers collected more than 3,000 of the tiny crustaceans and analyzed their genes. They did this by sequencing the transcriptome, which is similar to a genome but represents the RNA that is expressed. 

    Facetotectans (aka y-larvae) have been a mystery since their discovery in the 1800s. Scientists are unsure of what they grow up to become, but we now know where these crustaceans fit in the tree of life. This image shows a cypris larvae, or y-cyprid. (Image courtesy of Niklas Dreyer)

    “We were finally able to confirm, in the realm of big data science, that they are, in fact, related to barnacles, but they aren’t closely related to any of the other parasitic barnacles. This was interesting to test by building a giant tree of life for all the crustaceans, then adding this little branch of y-larvae , this very unknown group, to that bigger tree, and we saw that they are related to barnacles, but more as distant cousins,” says Bernot.   

    Though not closely related to parasitic barnacles, these crustaceans are also likely parasitic because they have some structures in common with their parasitic cousins, says Bernot, including antennae with claws that may be used to hook onto their host. 

    “One of the best pieces of evidence we have that y-larvae become parasitic is that if we expose them to crustacean growth hormone, they will hatch out of their little swimming larval shape into a small slug-like body, which is similar to what parasitic barnacles do when they enter a host,” says Bernot. “The fact that if we give them hormones, they also molt into a slug-like thing, suggests they go on to be parasitic somewhere, but we still don’t know what host they end up in. Being hidden inside another animal’s body could explain why we haven’t found the adult stage of y-larvae yet.”   

    Although these crustaceans are unusual and largely unknown with only 17 species described so far, Bernot says some of his co-authors found more than 100 new and different species from a single harbor in Japan. There is more to learn about these enigmatic animals. 

    “We know the other parasitic barnacles do weird things. The ones that grow like roots inside of crabs castrate their hosts, so their hosts are no longer able to reproduce. They trick their hosts into thinking that the host is pregnant, so it starts taking care of this mass that grows outside of its body, but that mass is part of the barnacle and not actually the eggs of the host, and even if they infect a male crab, the male crab becomes feminized and starts behaving like a pregnant female crab. Y-larvae could be having similarly impactful roles in ecosystems, but we won’t know until we find what hosts they are living in and what they are doing there,” says Bernot. 

    Since the y-larvae transcriptome sequencing showed they were not closely related to parasitic barnacles, Bernot says that it is likely that y-larvae and parasitic barnacles evolved in a process called convergent evolution. 

    “Because they’re probably both parasitic and doing similar things, they’ve evolved similar strategies to attach to a host and to become this slug-like larva. It’s amazing to think that that really weird, unique lifestyle evolved multiple times.” 

    Different species of barnacles use different strategies when they become sessile adults. Besides living on inanimate objects, those that live on animals like whales are not considered parasitic because they are essentially hitching a ride and do not feed on their host. Others attach to the host and have structures that they use to feed on the host. Understanding the evolution of these different strategies is important, and Bernot says that a project they are currently working on involves building the evolutionary tree of all barnacles to observe and understand some of the evolutionary patterns.  

     “A big question is, what is it about barnacles that has given them so much variability over evolutionary time to take on so many different shapes and forms and lifestyles? They have come up with incredibly ingenious strategies for making their ways of life, and often their ways of life seem very bizarre to us, but they have clearly been very successful,” says Bernot. “These animals have been around for hundreds of millions of years and there are several thousand species of them, so they have come up with some really amazing solutions to complex problems.” 

     Some of those solutions could also help humans. For example, Bernot says, there is a lot of interest in trying to better understand barnacle glues. 

    “They glue themselves to docks, they glue themselves to boats, and that is a problem. The Navy spends millions of dollars on additional fuel because barnacles on their ships cause additional drag. Also having more powerful glues that can dry underwater would be very useful for mechanical reasons, but maybe also for dentistry and things like that,” says Bernot. “There could be a lot of applications if we can better understand some of these amazing solutions that barnacles have evolved.” 

    MIL OSI USA News –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI United Kingdom: ARU graduates lead the region for career success

    Source: Anglia Ruskin University

    New national data shows that Anglia Ruskin University (ARU) graduates are thriving in their chosen careers, with ARU top in the region for two key measures of graduate success.

    The findings come from the Graduate Outcomes survey, the UK’s largest annual social survey, conducted by the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA)*.

    The survey captures the views and employment status of graduates 15 months after completing their studies and the latest data focuses on those who graduated from their courses in 2022-2023.

    ARU ranks first in the East of England for the proportion of UK undergraduates working as managers, directors or senior officials 15 months after graduation and shares top position in the region for the overall proportion of UK undergraduates in employment.

    Highlighting the University’s focus on preparing students for fulfilling roles, ARU is ranked fifth in the country for the proportion of full-time UK undergraduates working as managers, directors or senior officials within 15 months of graduating.

    Graduates also report a strong sense of purpose in their work, with ARU in the top 10% of universities in the country for UK students in employment and further study who agree their current activity is “meaningful”.

    These new Graduate Outcome survey results build on the Department for Education’s Longitudinal Education Outcomes (LEO) data released last month, which also shows ARU’s impact, particularly for students from underrepresented backgrounds.

    The LEO data places ARU second in the UK for graduate earnings among those who entered university with lower tariff points, and 12th for students from areas with the lowest university participation.

    It also found that 90% of ARU’s first degree undergraduates who live in the UK are in sustained employment or further study one year after graduation, and ARU is in the top 10 in England for graduate earnings in the areas of health and social care, applied and forensic sciences, and architecture, building and planning. 

    “Our students accomplish a great deal during their time at ARU and we’re immensely proud of what they go on to achieve once they graduate.

    “We work closely with employers to ensure our courses are practical and career-focused, and our students benefit from teaching delivered by staff with professional industry knowledge and expertise. This provides students with the skills and experience needed in today’s job market and these latest results show the positive impact of our approach.”

    Professor Roderick Watkins, Vice Chancellor of Anglia Ruskin University (ARU)

    *Source: Graduate Outcomes Survey. Country refers to mainstream HEIs in England, excluding specialist institutions and those with fewer than 500 students. Contains HESA Data © HESA 2025 (https://www.hesa.ac.uk/).

    MIL OSI United Kingdom –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI USA: Gosar Announces Congressional App Challenge for Middle and High School Students

    Source: United States House of Representatives – Congressman Paul A Gosar DDS (AZ-04)

    Bullhead City, AZ – Congressman Paul A. Gosar, D.D.S. (AZ-09), announces the following information regarding the start of the 2025 Congressional App Challenge:

    Registration is now underway for the 2025 Congressional App Challenge. The competition is open to all middle school and high school students who live in Arizona’s Ninth Congressional District.

    The annual competition is designed to encourage student participation in computer science and coding. Students can register for the 2025 competition by clicking HERE and begin coding their apps. The competition deadline is October 30, 2025.

    Officially launched by the U.S. House of Representatives in 2015, this nationwide effort allows students to compete with their peers by creating an application or “app,” for mobile, tablet, or computer devices.  Since its inception, the challenge has inspired over 40,000 students across all 50 states to code for Congress.

    The winner from the Ninth Congressional District, chosen by a panel of expert judges, will be featured on CongressionalAppChallenge.us, and the winning app will also be on display at the U.S. Capitol for a year, honoring the winners from across the country.

    For more information or questions, visit the official Congressional App Challenge website or email my District Director, Penny Pew at penny.pew@mail.house.gov.

    MIL OSI USA News –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Asia-Pac: Govt announces new plan for 2 sites

    Source: Hong Kong Information Services

    The Development Bureau announced today that the Government has decided to cancel the tender for two sites in Yuen Long and Hung Shui Kiu and proactively utilise the sites according to the Government’s development strategy.

     

    Yuen Long Town Lot No. 545 was handed over to the Hong Kong Science & Technology Parks Corporation (HKSTPC), while Hung Shui Kiu Town Lot No. 10 has been put into the Development Bureau’s policy study.

     

    The tenders of the Yuen Long Lot and the Hung Shui Kiu Lot were launched under the two-envelope approach in March and October 2024 respectively for the development of multi-storey buildings for modern industries. The tender invitation for the two sites was originally to close on July 25, 2025.

     

    The Development Bureau explained that taking into account the views of the innovation and technology sector and the logistics sector on the industry development strategy in the area, as well as the Government’s planning strategy for the Northern Metropolis, the Government decided to cancel the tender for the two sites and proactively utilise such sites in accordance with its development strategy, enabling the greater play of the sites in promoting industry development.

     

    The three-hectare Yuen Long Lot is situated within the vicinity of the Yuen Long InnoPark and the Microelectronics Centre therein. The Yuen Long InnoPark is operated and managed by the HKSTPC.

     

    To cater for the HKSTPC’s plan to establish a vibrant microelectronics ecosystem within the Yuen Long InnoPark, the Government has seized the opportunity to convert the Yuen Long Lot to innovation and technology use. The Innovation, Technology & Industry Bureau will further discuss with the HKSTPC to draw up a concrete development proposal.

     

    On the other hand, the Development Bureau has been exploring the establishment of a company led by the Government to build and operate an industrial park, involving some of the logistics sites in Hung Shui Kiu.

     

    The study will cover around 15 hectares of industry sites situated in the northern part of Hung Shui Kiu, and the eight-hectare Hung Shui Kiu Lot is exactly adjacent to this 15-hectare area of industry land.

     

    Incorporating the Hung Shui Kiu Lot in the study will endow the industry park company with more ample land resources to achieve economies of scale in the future.

     

    The Development Bureau will complete the study within this year and subsequently commence the work for the establishment of the company.

    MIL OSI Asia Pacific News –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI USA: One Million Reasons to Celebrate Landsat 9

    Source: US Geological Survey

    Breadcrumb

    1. News

    One Million Reasons to Celebrate Landsat 9

    The USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center archive now contains more than one million Landsat 9 Level-1 products (that’s over 1 billion megabytes of Earth observation data)!

    Since its launch on September 27, 2021, the Landsat 9 satellite has circled the Earth more than 20,000 times. The Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) onboard capture around 750 medium-resolution images each day. 

    This image of Alaska’s northern shoreline near the Canadian border is one of hundreds that were captured and processed on July 13, 2025—the day the millionth image was added to the archive.

    Landsat 9, as along with its counterpart Landsat 8, holds a vital role in understanding and managing America’s natural resources. Areas that benefit from Landsat include water and food security, agriculture, disaster response, land use/land change science, and energy and mineral development,. 

    All Landsat products can be downloaded at no charge from the USGS EROS archive. Visit the Landsat Data Access webpage to explore download options. 

    The Landsat program is a partnership between USGS and NASA. Landsat satellites have been observing Earth for over 50 years—making it the longest-running continuous global record of the Earth’s surface. Visit the Landsat Satellite Missions webpage to learn more about the partnership in Earth observation that started in 1972. 

    Return to all Landsat Headlines

    MIL OSI USA News –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Submissions: Africa’s minerals are being bartered for security: why it’s a bad idea

    Source: The Conversation – Africa (2) – By Hanri Mostert, SARChI Chair for Mineral Law in Africa, University of Cape Town

    A US-brokered peace deal between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda binds the two African nations to a worrying arrangement: one where a country signs away its mineral resources to a superpower in return for opaque assurances of security.

    The peace deal, signed in June 2025, aims to end three decades of conflict between the DRC and Rwanda.

    A key part of the agreement binds both nations to developing a regional economic integration framework. This arrangement would expand cooperation between the two states, the US government and American investors on “transparent, formalized end-to-end mineral chains”.

    Despite its immense mineral wealth, the DRC is among the five poorest countries in the world. It has been seeking US investment in its mineral sector.

    The US has in turn touted a potential multi-billion-dollar investment programme to anchor its mineral supply chains in the traumatised and poor territory.

    The peace that the June 2025 deal promises, therefore, hinges on chaining mineral supply to the US in exchange for Washington’s powerful – but vaguely formulated – military oversight.

    The peace agreement further establishes a joint oversight committee – with representatives from the African Union, Qatar and the US – to receive complaints and resolve disputes between the DRC and Rwanda.

    But beyond the joint oversight committee, the peace deal creates no specific security obligations for the US.

    The relationship between the DRC and Rwanda has been marred by war and tension since the bloody First (1996-1997) and Second (1998-2003) Congo wars. At the heart of much of this conflict is the DRC’s mineral wealth. It has fuelled competition, exploitation and armed violence.

    This latest peace deal introduces a resources-for-security arrangement. Such deals aren’t new in Africa. They first emerged in the early 2000s as resources-for-infrastructure transactions. Here, a foreign state would agree to build economic and social infrastructure (roads, ports, airports, hospitals) in an African state. In exchange, it would get a major stake in a government-owned mining company. Or gain preferential access to the host country’s minerals.

    We have studied mineral law and governance in Africa for more than 20 years. The question that emerges now is whether a US-brokered resources-for-security agreement will help the DRC benefit from its resources.

    Based on our research on mining, development and sustainability, we believe this is unlikely.

    This is because resources-for-security is the latest version of a resource-bartering approach that China and Russia pioneered in countries such as Angola, the Central African Republic and the DRC.

    Resource bartering in Africa has eroded the sovereignty and bargaining power of mineral-rich nations such as the DRC and Angola.

    Further, resources-for-security deals are less transparent and more complicated than prior resource bartering agreements.

    DRC’s security gaps

    The DRC is endowed with major deposits of critical minerals like cobalt, copper, lithium, manganese and tantalum. These are the building blocks for 21st century technologies: artificial intelligence, electric vehicles, wind energy and military security hardware. Rwanda has less mineral wealth than its neighbour, but is the world’s third-largest producer of tantalum, used in electronics, aerospace and medical devices.

    For almost 30 years, minerals have fuelled conflict and severe violence, especially in eastern DRC. Tungsten, tantalum and gold (referred to as 3TG) finance and drive conflict as government forces and an estimated 130 armed groups vie for control over lucrative mining sites. Several reports and studies have implicated the DRC’s neighbours – Rwanda and Uganda – in supporting the illegal extraction of 3TG in this region.

    The DRC government has failed to extend security over its vast (2.3 million square kilometres) and diverse territory (109 million people, representing 250 ethnic groups). Limited resources, logistical challenges and corruption have weakened its armed forces.

    This context makes the United States’ military backing enormously attractive. But our research shows there are traps.

    What states risk losing

    Resources-for-infrastructure and resources-for-security deals generally offer African nations short-term stability, financing or global goodwill. However, the costs are often long-term because of an erosion of sovereign control.

    Here’s how this happens:

    • certain clauses in such contracts can freeze future regulatory reforms, limiting legislative autonomy

    • other clauses may lock in low prices for years, leaving resource-selling states unable to benefit when commodity prices surge

    • arbitration clauses often shift disputes to international forums, bypassing local courts

    • infrastructure loans are often secured via resource revenues used as loan security. This effectively ringfences exports and undermines sovereign fiscal control.

    Examples of loss or near-loss of sovereignty from these sorts of deals abound in Africa.

    For instance, Angola’s US$2 billion oil-backed loan from China Eximbank in 2004. This was repayable in monthly deliveries of oil, with revenues directed to Chinese-controlled accounts. The loan’s design deprived Angolan authorities of decision-making power over that income stream even before the oil was extracted.

    These deals also fragment accountability. They often span multiple ministries (such as defence, mining and trade), avoiding robust oversight or accountability. Fragmentation makes resource sectors vulnerable to elite capture. Powerful insiders can manipulate agreements for private gain.

    In the DRC, this has created a violent kleptocracy, where resource wealth is systematically diverted away from popular benefit.

    Finally, there is the risk of re-entrenching extractive trauma. Communities displaced for mining and environmental degradation in many countries across Africa illustrate the long-standing harm to livelihoods, health and social cohesion.

    These are not new problems. But where extraction is tied to security or infrastructure, such damage risks becoming permanent features, not temporary costs.

    What needs to change

    Critical minerals are “critical” because they’re hard to mine or substitute. Additionally, their supply chains are strategically vulnerable and politically exposed. Whoever controls these minerals controls the future. Africa must make sure it doesn’t trade that future away.

    In a world being reshaped by global interests in critical minerals, African states must not underestimate the strategic value of their mineral resources. They hold considerable leverage.

    But leverage only works if it is wielded strategically. This means:

    • investing in institutional strength and legal capacity to negotiate better deals

    • demanding local value creation and addition

    • requiring transparency and parliamentary oversight for minerals-related agreements

    • refusing deals that bypass human rights, environmental or sovereignty standards.

    Africa has the resources. It must hold on to the power they wield.

    Hanri Mostert receives funding from the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa. She is a member of the Expropriation Expert Group and a steering committee member of the International Bar Association’s (IBA) Academic Advisory Group (AAG) in the Sector for Energy, Environmental, Resources and Infrastructure Law (SEERIL).

    Tracy-Lynn Field receives funding from the Claude Leon Foundation. She is a non-executive director of the Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa.

    – ref. Africa’s minerals are being bartered for security: why it’s a bad idea – https://theconversation.com/africas-minerals-are-being-bartered-for-security-why-its-a-bad-idea-260594

    MIL OSI –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Submissions: Ghana has a rare treasure, a crater made when a meteor hit Earth: why it needs to be protected

    Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Marian Selorm Sapah, Senior lecturer, University of Ghana

    Impact craters are formed when an object from space such as a meteoroid, asteroid or comet strikes the Earth at a very high velocity. This leaves an excavated circular hole on the Earth’s surface.

    It is a basic geological process that has shaped the planets from their formation to today. It creates landscapes and surface materials across our solar system. The moon is covered with them, as are planets like Mercury, Mars and Venus. On Earth, impacts have influenced the evolution of life and even provided valuable mineral and energy resources. However, very few of the impact craters on Earth are visible because of various processes that obscure or erase them.

    Most of the recognised impact craters on Earth are buried under sediments or have been deeply eroded. That means they no longer preserve their initial forms.

    The Bosumtwi impact crater in Ghana is different, however. It is well preserved (not deeply eroded or buried under sediments). Its well-defined, near-circular basin, filled by a lake, is surrounded by a prominent crater rim that rises above the surface of the lake and an outer circular plateau. This makes it a target for several research questions.

    As an Earth scientist, I joined a research team from 2019 to better understand the morphology of the crater. We carried out a morphological analysis of the crater (a study of its form, structure and geological features).

    This study concluded that the activities of illegal miners are a threat to the sustainability of the crater. We also discovered that the features of the Bosumtwi impact crater can be considered as a terrestrial representation for a special type of impact crater known as rampart craters. These are common on the planets Mars and Venus and are found on icy bodies of the outer solar system (like Ganymede, Europa, Dione, Tethys and Charon).

    For future studies, the Bosumtwi impact crater can be used to help understand how rampart craters form on Mars and Venus. So the Bosumtwi impact crater should be protected and preserved.




    Read more:
    Curious Kids: Why are there so few impact craters on Earth?


    The crater

    The Bosumtwi impact crater is in Ghana’s mineral-rich Ashanti gold belt. It is the location of the only natural inland lake in Ghana. As one of the world’s best-preserved young meteorite impact craters it is designated as an International Union of Geological Sciences geoheritage site.

    It is one of only 190 confirmed impact crater sites worldwide, one of only 20 on the African continent. Its lake is one of six meteoritic lakes in the world, recognised for their outstanding scientific value.

    At almost 1.07 million years old, the crater offers unparalleled opportunities for studying impact processes, climate history and planetary evolution. It’s an irreplaceable natural laboratory for researchers and educators.

    Beyond its scientific importance, the crater holds cultural significance for the Ashanti people of Ghana. The lake at its centre serves as a sacred site and spiritual landmark. The crater’s breathtaking landscape also supports eco-tourism and local livelihoods, contributing to Ghana’s economic development while maintaining exceptional aesthetic value.

    The research

    As part of further research work on the 2019 study, in 2025 we have discovered through field work and satellite data analysis that illegal artisanal mining is prevalent in the area and threatening the crater. This refers to informal, labour-intensive extraction of minerals, primarily gold. It is conducted by individuals or small groups using basic tools and rudimentary machinery. The use of toxic chemicals such as mercury and cyanide, and practices such as river dredging, cause severe environmental harm.

    Illegal miners are encroaching on and around the crater rim, posing severe threats to its environment and sustainability. Their activities have become more prevalent over the course of less than 10 years, indicating a growing problem. If unchecked, it could lead to irreversible damage to the crater.

    These mining operations risk contaminating the lake with toxic heavy metals. The consequences of these are grave. They include destroying critical geological evidence, accelerating deforestation, and degrading the land. All this damages the crater’s scientific, cultural and economic value.

    The International Union of Geological Sciences geoheritage designation of the crater underscores the urgent need for protection measures. The loss of this rare geological wonder would represent not just a national tragedy for Ghana, but a blow to global scientific heritage.

    Immediate action is required. This includes enhanced satellite monitoring (tracking illegal mining, deforestation and environmental changes) using optical imagery (such as Sentinel-2, Landsat, PlanetScope). These tools can detect forest loss, identify mining pits and sediment runoff, and analyse changes over time.

    Stricter enforcement of mining bans, and community engagement programmes, will help preserve the Bosumtwi impact crater’s unique attributes for future generations of scientists, students, tourists and local communities who depend on its resources.

    Marian Selorm Sapah does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

    – ref. Ghana has a rare treasure, a crater made when a meteor hit Earth: why it needs to be protected – https://theconversation.com/ghana-has-a-rare-treasure-a-crater-made-when-a-meteor-hit-earth-why-it-needs-to-be-protected-260600

    MIL OSI –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI USA: Rep. Dan Goldman, Bill Nye Discuss Importance of Protecting Public Broadcasting, Condemn Trump’s Rescissions Package

    Source: US Congressman Dan Goldman (NY-10)

    Goldman is Co-Chair of the Public Broadcasting Caucus  

    Rescissions Package Strips All Federal Funding for Corporation of Public Broadcasting  

    Watch the Discussion Here 

    Washington, D.C. — Congressman Dan Goldman (NY-10) hosted renowned kids’ science education advocate Bill Nye, “the Science Guy,” to highlight the vital role public broadcasting plays in K–12 education and community resilience. Following the Senate’s narrow approval earlier this week, House Republicans this morning passed President Trump’s $9 billion rescissions package, which eliminates all federal funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). 

    Congressman Goldman led an amendment to strike the proposed cuts to CPB, an effort co-sponsored by 34 Democratic colleagues. House Republicans rejected the amendment, voting instead to gut critical support for public media that millions of Americans rely on for educational, cultural, and emergency programming. 

    The Republican-backed rescissions package deals a devastating blow to our democratic institutions at home, American leadership abroad, and the countless American citizens who rely on public broadcasting for emergency alerts, local news, and educational programming.  

    CPB-funded public media reaches nearly 99.7% percent of the American population, and its funding finances over 1,500 public television and radio stations across the country, supporting approximately 20,000 local jobs. 

    In addition to emergency response systems and local journalism, federal funding for CPB also enables public broadcasting to support educational content that parents nationwide rely on to help their children learn, averaging 16 million monthly users and more than 350 million monthly streams across digital platforms, allowing people at all income levels and from all parts of the country to access consistent, high-quality, educational content for free. 

    ### 

    MIL OSI USA News –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Africa: Call for urgent overhaul of disease control framework amid ongoing FMD challenges

    Source: Government of South Africa

    Agriculture Minister John Steenhuisen, has called for urgent and proper regionalisation of South Africa’s disease control framework, amid ongoing challenges posed by widespread Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreaks.

    “Every credible trading nation in the world understands the principle of regionalisation, that an outbreak in one part of a country should not result in blanket trade restrictions for the entire nation,” Steenhuisen said.

    The Minister made the call during the Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Indaba, currently underway at the ARC-VIMP Campus in Roodeplaat, northeast of Pretoria.

    The Minister’s call comes as the country is currently experiencing significant and ongoing challenges with widespread outbreaks of Foot and Mouth disease, affecting several provinces, including KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, Gauteng and, most recently, the Free State.

    The resurgence of the disease has resulted in livestock movement restrictions and has also significantly impacted the country’s red meat trade on international markets.

    In response to this escalating crisis, the Department of Agriculture, in partnership with the Agricultural Research Council (ARC), the University of Pretoria, and Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP), is hosting a national Foot and Mouth Disease Indaba.

    The two-day event, starting Monday, 21 July 2025, aims to bring together top veterinary scientists, agricultural experts, and key industry stakeholders, to deliberate on and develop long-term solutions to combat FMD.

    In his opening address, Steenhuisen said South Africa is falling behind in establishing, certifying, and maintaining internationally recognised disease control zones.

    He said the failure to regionalise is not due to a lack of veterinary science, but institutional coordination, legal clarity, and capacity.

    “It is unacceptable that South Africa takes years to respond to import health questionnaires, delays that have cost us market access and weakened our negotiating position. This is not a regulatory issue; it is a capacity issue, and we are taking steps to fix it,” the Minister said.

    To address this, the Minister announced the appointment of two senior veterinarians, Dr Emily Mogajane and Dr Nomsa Mnisi, to lead the development of a comprehensive national regionalisation framework.

    Mnisi and Mogajane bring extensive experience in veterinary science, government, and international trade.

    Their work will focus on:
    •    Defining and operationalising regional disease zones for all major livestock sectors, in consultation with industry;
    •    Supporting provinces to assume their responsibilities as prescribed in the Animal Health Act, 2002 (Act No.7 of 2002), aligning disease control with our Constitutional division of powers; and
    •    Strengthening interdepartmental capacity to process export and import applications swiftly and credibly.

    Public-private partnerships to improve vaccine security

    Steenhuisen also called for stronger public-private partnerships to improve vaccine security, particularly for controlled animal diseases.

    He urged the livestock industry, especially red meat, dairy, and game sectors to co-finance vaccine procurement.

    “This does not mean you will manage the vaccines or the cold chains. But it does mean that, like in other agro-industries, we establish structured partnerships that ensure we are not caught unprepared again,” Steenhuisen said.

    The Minister pointed to a recent breakdown in vaccine availability during the FMD outbreak, and that the national vaccine bank was depleted and the production cycle was misaligned with outbreak realities.

    “Most notably, Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP) currently lacks the infrastructure to produce FMD vaccines at the scale and speed required to respond to outbreaks.

    “As a result, we were compelled to import vaccines from Botswana, to mount even a partial response. This situation is unsustainable for a country with South Africa’s livestock footprint and export ambitions,” the Minister said.

    In response to this, Steenhuisen said government is establishing OBP, but warned that this will take time.

    In the interim, he said efforts are underway to secure vaccine imports and establish forward-looking supply contracts to ensure minimum stock levels of FMD and other priority vaccines, “before the next outbreak, not after.”

    He however warned that the State cannot do this alone and urged the industry to invest.

    “If you want predictability, you must also invest. The time has come to build a nationally managed but jointly funded vaccine bank, not only for FMD, but for lumpy skin disease, brucellosis, Rift Valley Fever, and all other controlled diseases affecting trade and production,” SAnews.gov.za

    MIL OSI Africa –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Africa: Ghana has a rare treasure, a crater made when a meteor hit Earth: why it needs to be protected

    Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Marian Selorm Sapah, Senior lecturer, University of Ghana

    Impact craters are formed when an object from space such as a meteoroid, asteroid or comet strikes the Earth at a very high velocity. This leaves an excavated circular hole on the Earth’s surface.

    It is a basic geological process that has shaped the planets from their formation to today. It creates landscapes and surface materials across our solar system. The moon is covered with them, as are planets like Mercury, Mars and Venus. On Earth, impacts have influenced the evolution of life and even provided valuable mineral and energy resources. However, very few of the impact craters on Earth are visible because of various processes that obscure or erase them.

    Most of the recognised impact craters on Earth are buried under sediments or have been deeply eroded. That means they no longer preserve their initial forms.

    The Bosumtwi impact crater in Ghana is different, however. It is well preserved (not deeply eroded or buried under sediments). Its well-defined, near-circular basin, filled by a lake, is surrounded by a prominent crater rim that rises above the surface of the lake and an outer circular plateau. This makes it a target for several research questions.

    As an Earth scientist, I joined a research team from 2019 to better understand the morphology of the crater. We carried out a morphological analysis of the crater (a study of its form, structure and geological features).

    This study concluded that the activities of illegal miners are a threat to the sustainability of the crater. We also discovered that the features of the Bosumtwi impact crater can be considered as a terrestrial representation for a special type of impact crater known as rampart craters. These are common on the planets Mars and Venus and are found on icy bodies of the outer solar system (like Ganymede, Europa, Dione, Tethys and Charon).

    For future studies, the Bosumtwi impact crater can be used to help understand how rampart craters form on Mars and Venus. So the Bosumtwi impact crater should be protected and preserved.


    Read more: Curious Kids: Why are there so few impact craters on Earth?


    The crater

    The Bosumtwi impact crater is in Ghana’s mineral-rich Ashanti gold belt. It is the location of the only natural inland lake in Ghana. As one of the world’s best-preserved young meteorite impact craters it is designated as an International Union of Geological Sciences geoheritage site.

    It is one of only 190 confirmed impact crater sites worldwide, one of only 20 on the African continent. Its lake is one of six meteoritic lakes in the world, recognised for their outstanding scientific value.

    Satellite view of the Bosumtwi Impact Crater showing areas of Artisanal and Small scale Gold Mining activities. David Baratoux

    At almost 1.07 million years old, the crater offers unparalleled opportunities for studying impact processes, climate history and planetary evolution. It’s an irreplaceable natural laboratory for researchers and educators.

    Beyond its scientific importance, the crater holds cultural significance for the Ashanti people of Ghana. The lake at its centre serves as a sacred site and spiritual landmark. The crater’s breathtaking landscape also supports eco-tourism and local livelihoods, contributing to Ghana’s economic development while maintaining exceptional aesthetic value.

    The research

    As part of further research work on the 2019 study, in 2025 we have discovered through field work and satellite data analysis that illegal artisanal mining is prevalent in the area and threatening the crater. This refers to informal, labour-intensive extraction of minerals, primarily gold. It is conducted by individuals or small groups using basic tools and rudimentary machinery. The use of toxic chemicals such as mercury and cyanide, and practices such as river dredging, cause severe environmental harm.

    Illegal miners are encroaching on and around the crater rim, posing severe threats to its environment and sustainability. Their activities have become more prevalent over the course of less than 10 years, indicating a growing problem. If unchecked, it could lead to irreversible damage to the crater.

    These mining operations risk contaminating the lake with toxic heavy metals. The consequences of these are grave. They include destroying critical geological evidence, accelerating deforestation, and degrading the land. All this damages the crater’s scientific, cultural and economic value.

    The International Union of Geological Sciences geoheritage designation of the crater underscores the urgent need for protection measures. The loss of this rare geological wonder would represent not just a national tragedy for Ghana, but a blow to global scientific heritage.

    Immediate action is required. This includes enhanced satellite monitoring (tracking illegal mining, deforestation and environmental changes) using optical imagery (such as Sentinel-2, Landsat, PlanetScope). These tools can detect forest loss, identify mining pits and sediment runoff, and analyse changes over time.

    Stricter enforcement of mining bans, and community engagement programmes, will help preserve the Bosumtwi impact crater’s unique attributes for future generations of scientists, students, tourists and local communities who depend on its resources.

    – Ghana has a rare treasure, a crater made when a meteor hit Earth: why it needs to be protected
    – https://theconversation.com/ghana-has-a-rare-treasure-a-crater-made-when-a-meteor-hit-earth-why-it-needs-to-be-protected-260600

    MIL OSI Africa –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Africa: Africa’s minerals are being bartered for security: why it’s a bad idea

    Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Hanri Mostert, SARChI Chair for Mineral Law in Africa, University of Cape Town

    A US-brokered peace deal between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda binds the two African nations to a worrying arrangement: one where a country signs away its mineral resources to a superpower in return for opaque assurances of security.

    The peace deal, signed in June 2025, aims to end three decades of conflict between the DRC and Rwanda.

    A key part of the agreement binds both nations to developing a regional economic integration framework. This arrangement would expand cooperation between the two states, the US government and American investors on “transparent, formalized end-to-end mineral chains”.

    Despite its immense mineral wealth, the DRC is among the five poorest countries in the world. It has been seeking US investment in its mineral sector.

    The US has in turn touted a potential multi-billion-dollar investment programme to anchor its mineral supply chains in the traumatised and poor territory.

    The peace that the June 2025 deal promises, therefore, hinges on chaining mineral supply to the US in exchange for Washington’s powerful – but vaguely formulated – military oversight.

    The peace agreement further establishes a joint oversight committee – with representatives from the African Union, Qatar and the US – to receive complaints and resolve disputes between the DRC and Rwanda.

    But beyond the joint oversight committee, the peace deal creates no specific security obligations for the US.

    The relationship between the DRC and Rwanda has been marred by war and tension since the bloody First (1996-1997) and Second (1998-2003) Congo wars. At the heart of much of this conflict is the DRC’s mineral wealth. It has fuelled competition, exploitation and armed violence.

    This latest peace deal introduces a resources-for-security arrangement. Such deals aren’t new in Africa. They first emerged in the early 2000s as resources-for-infrastructure transactions. Here, a foreign state would agree to build economic and social infrastructure (roads, ports, airports, hospitals) in an African state. In exchange, it would get a major stake in a government-owned mining company. Or gain preferential access to the host country’s minerals.

    We have studied mineral law and governance in Africa for more than 20 years. The question that emerges now is whether a US-brokered resources-for-security agreement will help the DRC benefit from its resources.

    Based on our research on mining, development and sustainability, we believe this is unlikely.

    This is because resources-for-security is the latest version of a resource-bartering approach that China and Russia pioneered in countries such as Angola, the Central African Republic and the DRC.

    Resource bartering in Africa has eroded the sovereignty and bargaining power of mineral-rich nations such as the DRC and Angola.

    Further, resources-for-security deals are less transparent and more complicated than prior resource bartering agreements.

    DRC’s security gaps

    The DRC is endowed with major deposits of critical minerals like cobalt, copper, lithium, manganese and tantalum. These are the building blocks for 21st century technologies: artificial intelligence, electric vehicles, wind energy and military security hardware. Rwanda has less mineral wealth than its neighbour, but is the world’s third-largest producer of tantalum, used in electronics, aerospace and medical devices.

    For almost 30 years, minerals have fuelled conflict and severe violence, especially in eastern DRC. Tungsten, tantalum and gold (referred to as 3TG) finance and drive conflict as government forces and an estimated 130 armed groups vie for control over lucrative mining sites. Several reports and studies have implicated the DRC’s neighbours – Rwanda and Uganda – in supporting the illegal extraction of 3TG in this region.

    The DRC government has failed to extend security over its vast (2.3 million square kilometres) and diverse territory (109 million people, representing 250 ethnic groups). Limited resources, logistical challenges and corruption have weakened its armed forces.

    This context makes the United States’ military backing enormously attractive. But our research shows there are traps.

    What states risk losing

    Resources-for-infrastructure and resources-for-security deals generally offer African nations short-term stability, financing or global goodwill. However, the costs are often long-term because of an erosion of sovereign control.

    Here’s how this happens:

    Examples of loss or near-loss of sovereignty from these sorts of deals abound in Africa.

    For instance, Angola’s US$2 billion oil-backed loan from China Eximbank in 2004. This was repayable in monthly deliveries of oil, with revenues directed to Chinese-controlled accounts. The loan’s design deprived Angolan authorities of decision-making power over that income stream even before the oil was extracted.

    These deals also fragment accountability. They often span multiple ministries (such as defence, mining and trade), avoiding robust oversight or accountability. Fragmentation makes resource sectors vulnerable to elite capture. Powerful insiders can manipulate agreements for private gain.

    In the DRC, this has created a violent kleptocracy, where resource wealth is systematically diverted away from popular benefit.

    Finally, there is the risk of re-entrenching extractive trauma. Communities displaced for mining and environmental degradation in many countries across Africa illustrate the long-standing harm to livelihoods, health and social cohesion.

    These are not new problems. But where extraction is tied to security or infrastructure, such damage risks becoming permanent features, not temporary costs.

    What needs to change

    Critical minerals are “critical” because they’re hard to mine or substitute. Additionally, their supply chains are strategically vulnerable and politically exposed. Whoever controls these minerals controls the future. Africa must make sure it doesn’t trade that future away.

    In a world being reshaped by global interests in critical minerals, African states must not underestimate the strategic value of their mineral resources. They hold considerable leverage.

    But leverage only works if it is wielded strategically. This means:

    • investing in institutional strength and legal capacity to negotiate better deals

    • demanding local value creation and addition

    • requiring transparency and parliamentary oversight for minerals-related agreements

    • refusing deals that bypass human rights, environmental or sovereignty standards.

    Africa has the resources. It must hold on to the power they wield.

    – Africa’s minerals are being bartered for security: why it’s a bad idea
    – https://theconversation.com/africas-minerals-are-being-bartered-for-security-why-its-a-bad-idea-260594

    MIL OSI Africa –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Russia: SPbPU representatives took part in the cross-university examination of the Priority-2030 program

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University –

    An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

    The Sociocenter, with the support of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, has completed the selection of experts to conduct a cross-university examination of the implementation of the Priority-2030 program. Among them are the head of the SPbPU Office of Technological Leadership Oleg Rozhdestvensky, Vice-Rector for Continuing and Pre-University Education Dmitry Tikhonov and Director of the Department of Economics and Finance Elena Vinogradova.

    In total, 156 representatives of universities participating in the Priority 2030 program and scientific organizations will be involved in the cross-university examination of the Priority 2030 program.

    The selection of experts was a multi-stage process. At the correspondence stage, the selection committee assessed the professional experience and motivation of candidates based on their resumes and essays. As a result, 225 people received an invitation to an educational intensive course at Bauman Moscow State Technical University. There, the candidates’ leadership qualities, teamwork skills, ability to analyze information and formulate constructive proposals were assessed. The final stage was an online meeting with the participation of expert candidates, representatives of the Sociocenter and the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, at which five strategically important areas of modern higher education were formulated:

    target model and strategic positioning; university development management; strategic technology projects and change projects; knowledge production, transfer and application system for technological leadership; leadership and development team.

    After the final list of experts was approved, the Sociocenter team began the final preparation of a large-scale expert work that will cover 113 universities participating in the Priority 2030 program. From September, experts will begin visiting universities across the country to assess their condition and develop recommendations for further development.

    Cross-university assessment is an innovative format for assessing the activities of universities, in which the assessment is carried out by representatives of the professional community of university specialists themselves. This mechanism allows combining the principles of objective assessment with the possibility of mutual learning and dissemination of best practices.

    “This is an excellent expert tool that has not only proven its effectiveness over the past couple of years, but has also ensured the formation of a community of qualified specialists in the field of university development,” commented Oleg Rozhdestvensky, Head of the SPbPU Office of Technological Leadership. “And the main difference this year is that such expert work is becoming systemic — more and more people and universities are getting involved. This is extremely important given the focus of most universities on the federal agenda of achieving technological leadership and the upcoming changes in the higher education system in the country.”

    The Russian Ministry of Education and Science has been implementing the Priority 2030 program since 2021. Since 2025, the program has become part of the federal project Universities for a Generation of Leaders of the national project Youth and Children.

    Based on materials from the Federal State Autonomous Institution “Sociocenter”

    Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    .

    MIL OSI Russia News –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Russia: Rosneft sums up the results of the polar bear field research season

    Translation. Region: Russian Federal

    Source: Rosneft – An important disclaimer is at the bottom of this article.

    Specialists from the Rosneft Arctic Research Center, together with scientists from the country’s leading research institutes, have summed up the results of the polar bear field season as part of the Tamura corporate biodiversity conservation program. Three expeditions were conducted in the spring to study the Arctic predator population.

    Representatives of the Company, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation, the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as specialists from the Biotechnology Campus (BTC) Center for Whole-Genome Sequencing, spoke about scientific work in the north of Krasnoyarsk Krai at a press breakfast.

    In 2025, scientists were faced with the task of conducting the first full-scale aerial survey of the Kara subpopulation of polar bears in Russian practice. Specialists made 25 flights, the total length of air routes was almost 24 thousand km. During the expeditions, about 170 thousand photographs were taken, as well as 540 thousand infrared photographs, which will be processed using artificial intelligence.

    According to the expedition participants, 8 flights of the laboratory aircraft were made from the village of Sabetta in Yamal for a comprehensive survey of the inner delta of the Gulf of Ob and the southeastern part of the Kara Sea. During the aerial visual observations, 22 polar bears, 23 walruses, 616 seals, 77 belugas, and rare bird species were recorded.

    Ten helicopter flights were made from the village of Dikson to survey the ice of a number of islands, as well as the ice in the Yenisei Gulf to Sever Bay and along the northern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula to the mouth of the Uboynaya River. During the work, 37 polar bears of various ages and both sexes were registered. 10 animals were tagged with satellite collars and ear tags for remote tracking of migration routes. Scientists also took samples of the polar bears’ fur and blood to study their health and genetic affiliation to a particular subpopulation – the samples are already being studied by BTK specialists. The location of two abandoned polar bear maternity dens and the habitat of the bears’ main food source – the ringed seal – were also determined.

    Also from the village of Dikson, scientists surveyed the central and south-eastern waters of the Kara Sea. Specialists carried out 7 flights and registered 12 polar bears, 16 belugas and 420 seals. Specialists noted that based on the results of the work, the number and distribution density of polar bears and their food sources in the Kara Sea will be determined.

    Rosneft pays special attention to environmental issues and biodiversity conservation and is implementing the largest comprehensive Arctic region study program since Soviet times. The goal of the new Tamura research program, which started in 2024, is to update information on the state of key animal species in the northern region. The Tamura program includes studying the Kara subpopulation of polar bears, wild reindeer populations in western Taimyr, and valuable bird and fish species in the Yenisei estuary. The data obtained will allow scientists to draw conclusions about the state of ecosystems and develop measures to preserve the region’s biodiversity. In 2024, scientists conducted five expeditions, and ten expeditions will be held in total over four years.

    Department of Information and AdvertisingPJSC NK RosneftJuly 21, 2025

    Please note: This information is raw content obtained directly from the source of the information. It is an accurate report of what the source claims and does not necessarily reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.

    .

    MIL OSI Russia News –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Submissions: Microbes in deep-sea volcanoes can help scientists learn about early life on Earth, or even life beyond our planet

    Source: The Conversation – USA – By James F. Holden, Professor of Microbiology, UMass Amherst

    A submersible, which travels to the seafloor to collect rock and microbe samples, is lifted by the arm of a research vessel. James F. Holden

    People have long wondered what life was first like on Earth, and if there is life in our solar system beyond our planet. Scientists have reason to believe that some of the moons in our solar system – like Jupiter’s Europa and Saturn’s Enceladus – may contain deep, salty liquid oceans under an icy shell. Seafloor volcanoes could heat these moons’ oceans and provide the basic chemicals needed for life.

    Similar deep-sea volcanoes found on Earth support microbial life that lives inside solid rock without sunlight and oxygen. Some of these microbes, called thermophiles, live at temperatures hot enough to boil water on the surface. They grow from the chemicals coming out of active volcanoes.

    Because these microorganisms existed before there was photosynthesis or oxygen on Earth, scientists think these deep-sea volcanoes and microbes could resemble the earliest habitats and life on Earth, and beyond.

    To determine if life could exist beyond Earth in these ocean worlds, NASA sent the Cassini spacecraft to orbit Saturn in 1997. The agency has also sent three spacecraft to orbit Jupiter: Galileo in 1989, Juno in 2011 and most recently Europa Clipper in 2024. These spacecraft flew and will fly close to Enceladus and Europa to measure their habitability for life using a suite of instruments.

    A diagram of the interior of Saturn’s moon Enceladus, which may have hot plumes beneath its ocean.
    Surface: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute; interior: LPG-CNRS/U. Nantes/U. Angers. Graphic composition: ESA

    However, for planetary scientists to interpret the data they collect, they need to first understand how similar habitats function and host life on Earth.

    My microbiology laboratory at the University of Massachusetts Amherst studies thermophiles from hot springs at deep-sea volcanoes, also called hydrothermal vents.

    Diving deep for samples of life

    I grew up in Spokane, Washington, and had over an inch of volcanic ash land on my home when Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980. That event led to my fascination with volcanoes.

    Several years later, while studying oceanography in college, I collected samples from Mount St. Helens’ hot springs and studied a thermophile from the site. I later collected samples at hydrothermal vents along an undersea volcanic mountain range hundreds of miles off the coast of Washington and Oregon. I have continued to study these hydrothermal vents and their microbes for nearly four decades.

    Crewed submarines travel deep underwater to collect samples from hydrothermal vents.
    Gavin Eppard, WHOI/Expedition to the Deep Slope/NOAA/OER, CC BY

    Submarine pilots collect the samples my team uses from hydrothermal vents using human-occupied submarines or remotely operated submersibles. These vehicles are lowered into the ocean from research ships where scientists conduct research 24 hours a day, often for weeks at a time.

    The samples collected include rocks and heated hydrothermal fluids that rise from cracks in the seafloor.

    The submarines use mechanical arms to collect the rocks and special sampling pumps and bags to collect the hydrothermal fluids. The submarines usually remain on the seafloor for about a day before returning samples to the surface. They make multiple trips to the seafloor on each expedition.

    Inside the solid rock of the seafloor, hydrothermal fluids as hot at 662 degrees Fahrenheit (350 Celsius) mix with cold seawater in cracks and pores of the rock. The mixture of hydrothermal fluid and seawater creates the ideal temperatures and chemical conditions that thermophiles need to live and grow.

    Plumes rising from hydrothermal vents in the Atlantic Ocean.
    P. Rona / OAR/National Undersea Research Program; NOAA

    When the submarines return to the ship, scientists – including my research team – begin analyzing the chemistry, minerals and organic material like DNA in the collected water and rock samples.

    These samples contain live microbes that we can cultivate, so we grow the microbes we are interested in studying while on the ship. The samples provide a snapshot of how microbes live and grow in their natural environment.

    Thermophiles in the lab

    Back in my laboratory in Amherst, my research team isolates new microbes from the hydrothermal vent samples and grows them under conditions that mimic those they experience in nature. We feed them volcanic chemicals like hydrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur and iron and measure their ability to produce compounds like methane, hydrogen sulfide and the magnetic mineral magnetite.

    The thermophilic microbe Pyrodictium delaneyi isolated by the Holden lab from a hydrothermal vent in the Pacific Ocean. It grows at 194 degrees Fahrenheit (90 Celsius) on hydrogen, sulfur and iron.
    Lin et al., 2016/The Microbiology Society

    Oxygen is typically deadly for these organisms, so we grow them in synthetic hydrothermal fluid and in sealed tubes or in large bioreactors free of oxygen. This way, we can control the temperature and chemical conditions they need for growth.

    From these experiments, we look for distinguishing chemical signals that these organisms produce which spacecraft or instruments that land on extraterrestrial surfaces could potentially detect.

    We also create computer models that best describe how we think these microbes grow and compete with other organisms in hydrothermal vents. We can apply these models to conditions we think existed on early Earth or on ocean worlds to see how these microbes might fare under those conditions.

    We then analyze the proteins from the thermophiles we collect to understand how these organisms function and adapt to changing environmental conditions. All this information guides our understanding of how life can exist in extreme environments on and beyond Earth.

    Uses for thermophiles in biotechnology

    In addition to providing helpful information to planetary scientists, research on thermophiles provides other benefits as well. Many of the proteins in thermophiles are new to science and useful for biotechnology.

    The best example of this is an enzyme called DNA polymerase, which is used to artificially replicate DNA in the lab by the polymerase chain reaction. The DNA polymerase first used for polymerase chain reaction was purified from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus in 1976. This enzyme needs to be heat resistant for the replication technique to work. Everything from genome sequencing to clinical diagnoses, crime solving, genealogy tests and genetic engineering uses DNA polymerase.

    DNA polymerase is an enzyme that plays an essential role in DNA replication. A heat-resistant form from thermophiles is useful in bioengineering.
    Christinelmiller/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA

    My lab and others are exploring how thermophiles can be used to degrade waste and produce commercially useful products. Some of these organisms grow on waste milk from dairy farms and brewery wastewater – materials that cause fish kills and dead zones in ponds and bays. The microbes then produce biohydrogen from the waste – a compound that can be used as an energy source.

    Hydrothermal vents are among the most fascinating and unusual environments on Earth. With them, windows to the first life on Earth and beyond may lie at the bottom of our oceans.

    James F. Holden receives funding from NASA.

    – ref. Microbes in deep-sea volcanoes can help scientists learn about early life on Earth, or even life beyond our planet – https://theconversation.com/microbes-in-deep-sea-volcanoes-can-help-scientists-learn-about-early-life-on-earth-or-even-life-beyond-our-planet-260977

    MIL OSI –

    July 22, 2025
  • MIL-OSI Submissions: Microbes in deep-sea volcanoes can help scientists learn about early life on Earth, or even life beyond our planet

    Source: The Conversation – USA – By James F. Holden, Professor of Microbiology, UMass Amherst

    A submersible, which travels to the seafloor to collect rock and microbe samples, is lifted by the arm of a research vessel. James F. Holden

    People have long wondered what life was first like on Earth, and if there is life in our solar system beyond our planet. Scientists have reason to believe that some of the moons in our solar system – like Jupiter’s Europa and Saturn’s Enceladus – may contain deep, salty liquid oceans under an icy shell. Seafloor volcanoes could heat these moons’ oceans and provide the basic chemicals needed for life.

    Similar deep-sea volcanoes found on Earth support microbial life that lives inside solid rock without sunlight and oxygen. Some of these microbes, called thermophiles, live at temperatures hot enough to boil water on the surface. They grow from the chemicals coming out of active volcanoes.

    Because these microorganisms existed before there was photosynthesis or oxygen on Earth, scientists think these deep-sea volcanoes and microbes could resemble the earliest habitats and life on Earth, and beyond.

    To determine if life could exist beyond Earth in these ocean worlds, NASA sent the Cassini spacecraft to orbit Saturn in 1997. The agency has also sent three spacecraft to orbit Jupiter: Galileo in 1989, Juno in 2011 and most recently Europa Clipper in 2024. These spacecraft flew and will fly close to Enceladus and Europa to measure their habitability for life using a suite of instruments.

    A diagram of the interior of Saturn’s moon Enceladus, which may have hot plumes beneath its ocean.
    Surface: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute; interior: LPG-CNRS/U. Nantes/U. Angers. Graphic composition: ESA

    However, for planetary scientists to interpret the data they collect, they need to first understand how similar habitats function and host life on Earth.

    My microbiology laboratory at the University of Massachusetts Amherst studies thermophiles from hot springs at deep-sea volcanoes, also called hydrothermal vents.

    Diving deep for samples of life

    I grew up in Spokane, Washington, and had over an inch of volcanic ash land on my home when Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980. That event led to my fascination with volcanoes.

    Several years later, while studying oceanography in college, I collected samples from Mount St. Helens’ hot springs and studied a thermophile from the site. I later collected samples at hydrothermal vents along an undersea volcanic mountain range hundreds of miles off the coast of Washington and Oregon. I have continued to study these hydrothermal vents and their microbes for nearly four decades.

    Crewed submarines travel deep underwater to collect samples from hydrothermal vents.
    Gavin Eppard, WHOI/Expedition to the Deep Slope/NOAA/OER, CC BY

    Submarine pilots collect the samples my team uses from hydrothermal vents using human-occupied submarines or remotely operated submersibles. These vehicles are lowered into the ocean from research ships where scientists conduct research 24 hours a day, often for weeks at a time.

    The samples collected include rocks and heated hydrothermal fluids that rise from cracks in the seafloor.

    The submarines use mechanical arms to collect the rocks and special sampling pumps and bags to collect the hydrothermal fluids. The submarines usually remain on the seafloor for about a day before returning samples to the surface. They make multiple trips to the seafloor on each expedition.

    Inside the solid rock of the seafloor, hydrothermal fluids as hot at 662 degrees Fahrenheit (350 Celsius) mix with cold seawater in cracks and pores of the rock. The mixture of hydrothermal fluid and seawater creates the ideal temperatures and chemical conditions that thermophiles need to live and grow.

    Plumes rising from hydrothermal vents in the Atlantic Ocean.
    P. Rona / OAR/National Undersea Research Program; NOAA

    When the submarines return to the ship, scientists – including my research team – begin analyzing the chemistry, minerals and organic material like DNA in the collected water and rock samples.

    These samples contain live microbes that we can cultivate, so we grow the microbes we are interested in studying while on the ship. The samples provide a snapshot of how microbes live and grow in their natural environment.

    Thermophiles in the lab

    Back in my laboratory in Amherst, my research team isolates new microbes from the hydrothermal vent samples and grows them under conditions that mimic those they experience in nature. We feed them volcanic chemicals like hydrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur and iron and measure their ability to produce compounds like methane, hydrogen sulfide and the magnetic mineral magnetite.

    The thermophilic microbe Pyrodictium delaneyi isolated by the Holden lab from a hydrothermal vent in the Pacific Ocean. It grows at 194 degrees Fahrenheit (90 Celsius) on hydrogen, sulfur and iron.
    Lin et al., 2016/The Microbiology Society

    Oxygen is typically deadly for these organisms, so we grow them in synthetic hydrothermal fluid and in sealed tubes or in large bioreactors free of oxygen. This way, we can control the temperature and chemical conditions they need for growth.

    From these experiments, we look for distinguishing chemical signals that these organisms produce which spacecraft or instruments that land on extraterrestrial surfaces could potentially detect.

    We also create computer models that best describe how we think these microbes grow and compete with other organisms in hydrothermal vents. We can apply these models to conditions we think existed on early Earth or on ocean worlds to see how these microbes might fare under those conditions.

    We then analyze the proteins from the thermophiles we collect to understand how these organisms function and adapt to changing environmental conditions. All this information guides our understanding of how life can exist in extreme environments on and beyond Earth.

    Uses for thermophiles in biotechnology

    In addition to providing helpful information to planetary scientists, research on thermophiles provides other benefits as well. Many of the proteins in thermophiles are new to science and useful for biotechnology.

    The best example of this is an enzyme called DNA polymerase, which is used to artificially replicate DNA in the lab by the polymerase chain reaction. The DNA polymerase first used for polymerase chain reaction was purified from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus in 1976. This enzyme needs to be heat resistant for the replication technique to work. Everything from genome sequencing to clinical diagnoses, crime solving, genealogy tests and genetic engineering uses DNA polymerase.

    DNA polymerase is an enzyme that plays an essential role in DNA replication. A heat-resistant form from thermophiles is useful in bioengineering.
    Christinelmiller/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA

    My lab and others are exploring how thermophiles can be used to degrade waste and produce commercially useful products. Some of these organisms grow on waste milk from dairy farms and brewery wastewater – materials that cause fish kills and dead zones in ponds and bays. The microbes then produce biohydrogen from the waste – a compound that can be used as an energy source.

    Hydrothermal vents are among the most fascinating and unusual environments on Earth. With them, windows to the first life on Earth and beyond may lie at the bottom of our oceans.

    James F. Holden receives funding from NASA.

    – ref. Microbes in deep-sea volcanoes can help scientists learn about early life on Earth, or even life beyond our planet – https://theconversation.com/microbes-in-deep-sea-volcanoes-can-help-scientists-learn-about-early-life-on-earth-or-even-life-beyond-our-planet-260977

    MIL OSI –

    July 22, 2025
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