Source: United Nations – Geneva
The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women today concluded its consideration of the combined first to fifth periodic reports of San Marino, with Committee Experts commending the State party on ensuring equal transmission of citizenship for maternal and paternal lines, while raising questions on temporary special measures and incentives to promote female employment.
One Committee Expert commended the State party for the efforts and improvements made to align citizenship rights of a small landlocked nation with international standards, ensuring that the rules for transmission of citizenship for maternal and paternal lines were now aligned.
A Committee Expert asked what kind of temporary special measures were already implemented in legislation and in the judicial branch? What temporary special measures had been adopted in the area of parity to achieve increased representation of women? Were there any examples of positive discrimination for women in fields such as the military? Another Expert said there was an ongoing debate in the country about how to enforce the political participation of women in San Marino. How did San Marino plan to achieve parity in public life.
One Committee Expert asked what was being done to facilitate women’s return to employment? Was there a wage gap? Could more information be provided regarding measures to increase work life balance and incentivise employers to employ women?
On temporary special measures, the delegation said measures to guarantee women’s political life in the country were linked to two laws. Women made up 50 per cent of the public administration. Women’s representation within the judiciary was fully granted; a few years ago, the President of the San Marino court was a woman. San Marino did not intend to use the instrument of quotas again, as the results did not justify its existence, and the quotas were intended to be a temporary measure.
The delegation said San Marino had been providing incentives for female employment for several years, including that employers would pay less tax for female workers. As of 2025, the labour force in San Marino was better balanced, with the gender gap reduced. If a female worker had a child and wished to return to work, she could transform her contract into one that was parttime. This was a key provision which would help women balance their professional and private lives.
Introducing the report, Marcello Beccari, Permanent Representative of San Marino to the United Nations Office at Geneva, said significant progress had been made to combat gender-based violence in recent years. On 29 October 2024, the Congress of State adopted delegated decree no. 161 on amendments to law no. 97 of 20 June 2008 – prevention and repression of violence against women and gender violence – and subsequent amendments and to the Criminal Code, which aimed to ensure a more effective system of prevention, protection and support for victims of violence. In particular, the definition of violence against women and gender-based violence was rephrased. The Authority for Equal Opportunities was responsible for keeping and disseminating data on gender-based violence.
In closing remarks, Mr. Beccari thanked the Committee for the dialogue which had enabled the State to review the legislation and all areas where discrimination against women could occur. The institutions of San Marino were actively engaged in the implementation of the Convention.
In her closing remarks, Marianne Mikko, Committee Vice-Chair, thanked the delegation of San Marino for the constructive dialogue, which had provided further insight on the situation of women in the country.
The delegation of San Marino was comprised of representatives of the Ministry of Justice; the Ministry of Employment; the Department of Foreign Affairs; the Department of Institutional and Internal Affairs; the Department of Health and Social Security; the Department of Education and Culture; the Office of the French Border; the Single Court; the Gendarmerie Corp; the Office for Gender Violence and Minors; the Authority for Equal Opportunities; and the Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations Office at Geneva.
The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women’s ninety-first session is being held from 16 June to 4 July. All documents relating to the Committee’s work, including reports submitted by States parties, can be found on the session’s webpage. Meeting summary releases can be found here. The webcast of the Committee’s public meetings can be accessed via the UN Web TV webpage.
The Committee will next meet at 10 a.m. on Thursday, 26 June to begin its consideration of the fifth periodic report of Chad (CEDAW/C/TCD/5).
Report
The Committee has before it the the combined initial to fifth periodic reports of San Marino (CEDAW/C/SMR/1-5).
Presentation of Report
MARCELLO BECCARI, Permanent Representative of San Marino to the United Nations Office at Geneva, said the ratification of the Convention in 2003 had been long-awaited by San Marino society, in light of the undeniable steps forward that the country had made since the 1960s. Unfortunately, women’s rights in San Marino had been denied for centuries: women had had, de jure and de facto, a position inferior to that of men. San Marino women exercised their voting right for the first time only in 1964, and it was only in 1974 that they could be elected in the general elections and become members of the San Marino Parliament.
At the end of the 1990s, a serious discrimination experienced by San Marino women persisted: only men could transmit San Marino citizenship, which made it impossible for the children of a San Marino woman to become San Marino citizens if the father was not a San Marino citizen. This discrimination was finally eliminated in 2000. It was only at this time that the country aligned its legal system with the requirements of the Convention.
Significant progress had been made to combat gender-based violence in recent years. On 29 October 2024, the Congress of State adopted delegated decree no. 161 on amendments to law no. 97 of 20 June 2008 – prevention and repression of violence against women and gender violence – and subsequent amendments and to the Criminal Code, which aimed to ensure a more effective system of prevention, protection and support for victims of violence. In particular, the definition of violence against women and gender-based violence was rephrased. The Authority for Equal Opportunities was responsible for keeping and disseminating data on gender-based violence. The data was provided by all the institutions that come into contact with women victims of violence, including the courts, the mental health service and the counselling centre, the Minors’ Protection Service, and all three police forces.
San Marino authorities recently implemented comprehensive policies with the adoption of two national plans for the prevention of gender-based violence, including all competent institutional and civil society actors: the comprehensive national plan to combat violence against women 2024–2026, and the multi-year national plan on the elimination of violence and harassment and discrimination in the world of work to implement International Labour Organization Convention no.190 on the elimination of violence and harassment in the world of work. The 24-hour on-call service of Social Workers and Psychologists was introduced and regulated, and the Emergency Centre was set up, where victims, including those with children, could receive psychosocial, health and legal assistance.
Every year on the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, San Marino organised numerous meetings and initiatives to raise awareness, including a recent media campaign “the new languages of violence”. The University of San Marino organised compulsory vocational training courses annually for a wide range of professionals, including magistrates, police forces, professional associations, socio-health services, school staff and family mediators. The University also actively collaborated with schools to foster an innovative and inclusive educational approach.
An initiative speared by civil society, the law regulating civil registered partnerships (law no. 147 of 20 November 2018), allowed same-sex couples to obtain a form of legal recognition of their relationship equivalent to marriage. Another action which originated from civil society was the Referendum for the decriminalisation and legalisation of the voluntary termination of pregnancy in February 2021. One year after the historic overwhelming result which saw more than 77 per cent of San Marino citizens vote in favour of decriminalising abortion, the San Marino Parliament approved law no. 147 of 7 September 2022 regulating voluntary termination of pregnancy. This law contained the necessary amendments to the Criminal Code for both the decriminalisation of the act and the protection of the procedure.
Despite the progress that had been made in recent years, some challenges persisted in San Marino in the area of elimination of discrimination against women, particularly when it came to eliminating gender stereotypes. Mr. Beccari said he would ensure the dialogue was open, useful and fruitful.
Questions by a Committee Expert
ERIKA SCHLÄPPI, Committee Expert and Country Rapporteur, said this was the first report submitted by the State party. It was regretful that no reports had been received from civil society. Were the Convention’s provisions directly applicable in San Marino? Were they referred to in practice in the courts? What had been done to raise the visibility of the Convention? Were there any plans to revise article 4 paragraph 1 of the San Marino Constitution to include other forms of discrimination, including gender identity? Were there plans to introduce a body of laws preventing discrimination in the private and public spheres? How did the San Marino authorities integrate a gender perspective in the legislative process?
What legal procedures could women currently use for submitting complaints about discriminatory acts? What were the possible barriers for women to make use of existing legal remedies? How were judges and lawyers trained to ensure gender equality in administrative procedures? The Committee was concerned about the lack of disaggregated data in San Marino. It was welcomed that authorities were considering taking measures to improve the data collections system. What were the plans to improve data collection in the areas of gender equality? What were the timelines? Did the State plan to enact a comprehensive law to prohibit discrimination?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said civil society organizations were informed about the drafting report and had several opportunities to get in touch. Work had been carried out on the report with the San Marino Union for Women. Women’s rights were a topic close to the heart of San Marino citizens. The Authority for Equal Opportunities conducted important work on the issue of violence against women. The data on cases of violence was quite thorough. San Marino was going through a process to join the European Union and it was hoped that once they had joined, a body on data gathering could be established. Data gathering was currently a weak point for the State and they would appreciate any specific advice from the Committee in this regard.
Work was underway to create a statistical body, and in the meantime, an office was charged with data collection and gathering. Article 4 contained a list of protections which was not exhaustive. This was to simplify the way such protection was worded. The Convention was fully applicable to San Marino’s legal body. The State had signed the Istanbul Convention. Women who were victims of violence could directly submit a complaint to the police, which would be passed on to the court. There were nine police brigades which controlled the whole territory in San Marino, and there was an office dedicated to gender-based violence against minors. A complaint could be received by the main police station, and victims needed to be informed of their rights. Personnel of the gender-based violence office attended a three-week training course, in collaboration with the Italian police.
Data was gathered by the Authority on Equal Opportunities on gender-based violence and violence against minors, as well as discrimination in the world of work. A new office, the Office of Statistics, was being created, which would act as a house for data, and would be used to answer questions from international bodies. The State was striving to have data collected by all different agencies, including the police forces, to have a global vision on the issue.
While direct reference to the Convention was not that common, the legal framework of the State fully supported the provisions of the Convention.
Questions by Committee Experts
A Committee Expert said San Marino had demonstrated a commitment to promoting gender equality through several institutional frameworks, including the Commission for Equal Opportunities, which addressed a broad range of discrimination, including gender, disability and sexual orientation. Could the State party clarify the mandate and resource allocations for the Commission and the Authority for Equal Opportunities? What were the responsibilities of each body? How were they coordinated? How were gender perspectives currently integrated into public policy? The Authority for Equal Opportunities managed a fund for victim support. Could updated information be provided on human and financial resources available for the bodies responsible for gender equality? Were steps being taken to ensure sustainability in line with their growing mandates?
San Marino had a vibrant civil society, with groups including the San Marino Union for Women contributing to reforms. How were women’s organizations formally included in the development and monitoring of gender equality policies? What measures were taken to ensure the participation of civil society organizations in national platforms? Could an update be provided on the process and timeline for establishing a national human rights institution? How would it ensure compliance with the Paris Principles?
Another Expert asked what kind of temporary special measures were already implemented in legislation and in the judicial branch? What temporary special measures had been adopted in the area of parity to achieve increased representation of women? Were there any examples of positive discrimination for women in fields such as the military?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said there needed to be a radical mind shift within San Marino society. Education at schools and universities played a key role in this regard. If men felt they had a right to discriminate against women, it meant they were not being educated properly. This applied to other challenges, including racism and intolerance towards minorities.
Work was being done to create an Office of the Ombudsman in San Marino. The office was expected to be operational in 2026. The key elements of the office, including monitoring, combatting discrimination, complaints mechanisms, and mediation, among others, had already been identified. The Ombudsman would have an independent budget and would have a six-year mandate.
The State endorsed civil society organizations in fighting gender-based violence and discrimination. A petition called for the creation of mechanisms to combat discrimination. A register was being developed for civil society organizations active in the field of women’s rights to facilitate work with these organizations. San Marino was a small State and its services were fully adequate. The victims’ reception centre had a 24/7 hotline which provided assistance.
A decree had set norms for the employment of specific roles, with incentives for the employment of women. In April 2025, the gap between men and women was significantly reduced, highlighting the effectiveness of these norms.
San Marino was in the process of developing an independent human rights commission, in line with the Paris Principles. The bill would come into force in 2025 and become operative in 2026.
Questions by Committee Experts
An Expert asked how the effectiveness of training was being assessed? What complaints mechanisms existed for discrimination against minority women? Why was psychological harm not considered to be a criminal case? Had the campaigns targeting men been assessed? Was the State considering covering witnesses? Did judges, lawyers and law enforcement receive mandatory training in this regard?
It was welcomed that the State provided services, including shelters for victims of violence. Could women with disabilities and migrant women have access to these services? Were there enough of these services? What economic, labour and housing initiatives were provided for victims? How many judicial sentences regarding gender-based violence had been handed down? What period of time elapsed between the complaint and the finalised sentence? What public funds did civil society organizations currently receive when they provided assistance and support to victims? How many victims of violence and their children had received reparation? What kind of reparation did they receive?
Another Committee Expert said the strong demand for foreign labour in the State created opportunities for trafficking. The State party had reported that no investigations had been launched to date regarding trafficking cases. When was the State party expecting to finalise work on the national action plan on trafficking? What funds would be allocated to ensure its success? How would the State party ensure that all relevant stakeholders were up to speed concerning their role in the fight against trafficking? What steps was the State party taking to put in place national procedures and mechanisms to ensure the referral of trafficking victims? Several sectors of the economy had been identified as being susceptible to trafficking, including domestic work. Was the State party planning to follow the recommendation to raise awareness of the risk of trafficking among the general public? Was the State party planning to decriminalise sex work?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said San Marino was carrying out activities to improve its expertise in the area of trafficking. The State currently had no cases directly relating to human trafficking, demonstrating the phenomenon was limited in the country, possibly due to its limited size, as well as the control and efficacy of law enforcement agencies. The national strategy for combatting trafficking was currently being drafted. Since trafficking cases were non-existent in San Marino, it was unlikely the topic would be addressed extensively in training courses, but it would be mentioned. The anti-violence network included magistrates and representatives of the legal system and law enforcement agencies.
Since the visit of the Council of Europe Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings to San Marino, there had been no indication of risks or cases reported. Work was carried out in collaboration with the Italian State in terms of training opportunities, and new modules were being designed for labour inspectors. The Labour Inspectorate carried out direct interviews with the home carers and had reported no issues in this regard. The State would continue to remain vigilant about trafficking, particularly for high-risk sectors, but at present this risk was not prevalent.
Psychological violence was included in the decree of 2024, which addressed domestic violence against women. It was defined as any intentional behaviour which impacted the psychological integrity of women. In 2024, there were four orders of protection enacted by the judge. Parliament recently adopted a law regarding the duration of trial, which would ensure an improvement in the duration of cases pertaining to violence.
Over the last year, training had been dedicated to preventive action against discrimination. The State had a duty to punish perpetrators, and to ensure their rehabilitation. The union contract had been signed for the 24-hour availability of social servants, for cases of discrimination or violence. A protocol was in place with the authorities and Order of Psychologists, where psychologists received a financial contribution for completing mandatory training for victims of violence.
The State had a list of pro-bono lawyers who could assist victims, but were also working on a specific agreement with the Bar Association, to ensure that victims had legal assistance. This assistance would be entirely covered by the Authority of Equal Opportunities. A project was underway to support women victims of violence who did not have access to an income. Two years ago, a training module was created for journalists to raise awareness about gender stereotypes in the media, with work carried out directly with the Association of Journalists.
A new emergency centre was created in 2024 and had been operating 24/7, welcoming women victims of violence and their children, as well as unaccompanied minors.
Questions by Committee Experts
An Expert said the crime of trafficking affected all countries; was size of the country considered an acceptable excuse for the lack of trafficking cases?
A Committee Expert said there was an ongoing debate in the country about how to enforce the political participation of women in San Marino. How did San Marino plan to achieve parity in public life. How did the State party explain the low representation of women in the cabinet? Were there legal or policy measures in place to ensure the representation of women? What would be done to increase the number of women in leading positions in the public administration and the judiciary?
One Committee Expert commended the State party for the efforts and improvements made to align citizenship rights of a small landlocked nation with international standards, ensuring that the rules for transmission of citizenship for maternal and paternal lines were now aligned. The Committee also welcomed the approval concerning the “amendment on citizenship” to remove the obligations for applicants to renounce their existing citizenship. However, it was regretful that there was no data in the report enabling the Committee to assess the impact of these acts. It was also concerning that San Marino was yet to ratify key conventions relating to stateless persons.
What was the number of women who had obtained citizenship through naturalisation compared to men? Was the State party considering abolishing the requirement of the interdiction of dual citizenship? What support mechanism were in place to ensure eligible individuals were able to access the right to San Marino citizenship?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said approximately 50 per cent of the San Marino population lived abroad. Until the year 2000, San Marino citizenship could only be transmitted through the paternal line. Those who held San Marino citizenship could hold others as well. The obligation to renounce other nationalities was linked to the naturalisation process.
Some diplomats believed there were in fact too many women in the diplomatic core, as there had been significant progress in this regard. Measures to guarantee women’s political life in the country were linked to two laws. Women made up 50 per cent of the public administration. Women’s representation within the judiciary was fully granted; a few years ago, the President of the San Marino court was a woman. San Marino did not intend to use the instrument of quotas again, as the results did not justify its existence, and the quotas were intended to be a temporary measure. Instead, the State had introduced a cultural mind shift through better awareness raising. Measures had been introduced to support families, to allow all citizens to participate in the life of the country.
The judiciary had strong female representation, with six female representatives. The coordinator for the civil administrative sector was a woman. Psychical criteria had been adjusted for entering the gendarmerie corps, meaning there were new female recruits. In 2025, 25 per cent of officers within the gendarmerie where female, which was a common trend across all law enforcement agencies. Women had been able to ascend within law enforcement agencies, with women colonels responsible for several units.
Questions by a Committee Expert
A Committee Expert said the Committee commended the State party for achieving literacy rates for both women and men at a rate of 100 per cent. Was the education system full inclusive to migrant girls and girls with disabilities? The Committee congratulated the State party for ensuring that equality and inclusion started from primary school. How did San Marino’s schools directly address topics of human rights, gender stereotypes, racism and gender equality? Were human rights and gender equality issues explicitly addressed in education curricula? What were the specific recommendations made to prevent cyber bullying against women and girls? Could sex disaggregated data be provided regarding access to financial aid for students?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said San Marino had two dedicated decrees related to education, including for students with learning disabilities. There were training courses for teachers to ensure they could provide support to students with disabilities and deal with individual cases. Indications were introduced in all San Marino institutions, from kindergarten to secondary school. Even at university level, courses offered to students related to gender-based violence and racial discrimination. The curriculum of schools included specific projects for awareness raising. This initiative was also passed on to families involved in this approach.
On 5 July, an exhibition entitled “Open Dreams” would open, gathering works of elementary and secondary school students, created during school projects relating to human rights and gender parity. This exhibition would be open to the San Marino people and was part of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization celebration for education for peace.
Questions by a Committee Expert
A Committee Expert said the Committee appreciated policies aimed at better integrating women into the labour force, including the one focusing on women over 50. However, it was concerning that women were underrepresented in the labour market, but overrepresented in part time jobs. Around 95 per cent of those dismissed during the COVID-19 pandemic were women. Could the State party provide disaggregated statistical data on the employment of women? Why were women the majority of those who lost their employment in the pandemic? What was done to facilitate their return to employment? Was there a wage gap? Could more information be provided regarding measures to increase work life balance and incentivise employers to employ women?
What percentage of fathers had benefitted from parental leave since its introduction? What measures were taken to strengthen childcare and support services? What was being done to strengthen the monitoring of labour conditions of vulnerable groups? What measures were being taken to combat sexual harassment in the workplace? What was being done to increase the low numbers of women in leadership positions in the private sector? Was there a specific law prohibiting sexual harassment in the workplace?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said in San Marino law, selection of an individual for employment was based on merit and the candidate’s skillset. San Marino’s labour market was fully open, meaning employers were free to make their selection specific to the profile they were looking for. The labour inspectorate would then provide opportunities for the unemployed. San Marino had been providing incentives for female employment for several years, including that employers would pay less tax for female workers.
As of 2025, the labour force in San Marino was better balanced, with the gender gap reduced. If a female worker had a child and wished to return to work, she could transform her contract into one that was part-time. There were fiscal incentives for employers who were ready to hear needs of their female workers. This part time contract was valid for the first three years of the child’s life and could be extended for an additional three years. This was a key provision which would help women balance their professional and private lives. There were no distinctions in the area of training and lifelong learning between men and women.
San Marino had adopted the International Labour Organization convention on workplace discrimination, and the State had adopted a national action plan in this regard. There were several types of paternal leave. The San Marino legal system encouraged fathers to request permission to accompany children to the doctor and for other needs. The legal system also provided for parental leave for foster children.
Discriminatory acts in San Marino were punishable under the law. If this occurred in a work environment, the sentence would be further strengthened. There were harsher punishments for sexual violence when it occurred in a work environment.
Questions by a Committee Expert
A Committee Expert asked what the State party was doing to ensure the right of minorities to health? What were the current challenges faced by the Women’s Health Centre? How was its sustainability guaranteed? What measures were taken to ensure sexual and reproductive health, as well as modern, free and low-cost contraceptive measures, especially for more disadvantaged groups? How was appropriate information provided on how to access appropriate gynaecological and obstetric care?
Forced sterilisation was sanctioned under the Penal Code but could be authorised on the grounds of psycho-social disability. What measures would be taken to combat this harmful practice? Had changes been made to the Penal Code which recognised exceptions to the general prohibition of abortion, including incest and rape? How many women had access to legal abortion in 2023 and 2024? What steps were being taken by the State party to have a team to support female victims of gender violence? How were women’s needs in mental health being taken into account?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said the law to support families included rights for mothers, fathers, natural and adopted children. For years, the Women’s Health Centre had been working to support women, including counselling them. This was a dedicated body which fought to protect women, their children, and families. The Centre offered counselling for women and couples, providing them with information and contraceptives. Activities in schools were tailored depending on the age of the pupils.
The Constitutional Court in San Marino had issued a ruling on the desire to de-penalise abortion, reflecting the mind shift already present in society. Screenings for cancer risks were directly managed by the San Marino hospital. The Women’s Health Centre was tasked with prevention and monitoring of such risks. There was no forced sterilisation in the country. Close monitoring of contraception occurred under the supervision of medical personnel.
A series of events were organised in schools dedicated to sexuality, which were optional for elementary school pupils and mandatory for older pupils. The content of these events differed depending on the age of the students. Training courses had been developed to raise awareness among younger populations about sexual health. These interventions had been favourably welcomed by San Marino households. In 2023, a new hub providing psychological support was opened, accessible to all pupils. Mental health support was available through the hub. Adolescents and young people could freely access the human papillomavirus vaccine.
Questions by a Committee Expert
A Committee Expert congratulated the State party on law no. 158 of 2022, which provided a regulatory framework for the protection and support of women who went through pregnancy and postpartum in conditions of psychological, economic and social discomfort, as well as single pregnant women, and single parent families. How many single pregnant women and single-parent families had benefited since the adoption of the law in November 2022?
Had the State party considered instituting surveillance and monitoring mechanisms to specifically track progress in inclusive social security systems? What laws and policies had been implemented to promote women’s entrepreneurship, access to economic assets, and business ownership? Were there government-led programmes that provided support to women entrepreneurs? Were there training or capacity building initiatives in key sectors like financial technology, e-commerce, digital technologies, artificial intelligence, and robotics, where women remained underrepresented? What actions were being taken to increase the number of women in leadership roles within sports and cultural institutions?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said a new law provided favourable conditions for both male and female entrepreneurs. More and more women were opting for activities in the e-commerce space. Employers and employees could have access to the family allowance. This was provided by the State to better support childcare. Law 158 from 2022 supported pregnant women and single parent families. The State was currently considering a reform bill which resulted in further allowances to support households with young children, particularly new fathers, to close the gap between men and women in the household.
In 2024, there were 22 cases of voluntary abortion in the country. The San Marino Olympic Committee promoted equality. In 2024, the University of San Marino organised a day focusing on sports and disability, using sports as a tool for inclusion and equality. This special day was open to all sports operators and coaches in the country to raise awareness regarding inclusion and combatting all kinds of discrimination in sports.
Questions by Committee Experts
A Committee Expert said around five per cent of the State resided in rural areas, being predominantly involved in agriculture or domestic work. Could information on the social conditions of rural women in San Marino be provided? San Marino had 258 migrant workers employed in the private sector as caregivers or badanti. The Committee noted with satisfaction the establishment of the one stop shop set up to provide assistance to these badanti. What was currently being done to prevent violence against badanti?
What measures were in place to ensure inclusive employment for women with disabilities? Since June 2019, discrimination on the ground of gender identity was expressly banned in San Marino. What steps were being taken to recognise same sex marriage for citizens?
A Committee Expert asked for more information on forced sterilisation which had been imposed on women with disabilities over the past five years, possibly authorised by a legal guardian?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said it was difficult to distinguish between urban and rural areas in San Marino. All people living in San Marino enjoyed universal health coverage. A desk had been organised for badanti to answer questions and deal with issues affecting them, and for families who wished to benefit from their services. There was no discrimination towards badanti in the country; efforts were made to protect their work.
Questions by a Committee Expert
A Committee Expert welcomed the law which allowed a judge to order the removal of the aggressor in cases of gender-based violence, among other initiatives. How did the courts deal with custody and the visiting rights of parents? How were the best interests of a child taken into account from a gender perspective? How many children had been able to receive their mothers surname since 2016? What mechanisms existed to provide oversight for family mediation procedures and ensure the Convention standards were respected?
Responses by the Delegation
The delegation said the interests of minors were always protected when it came to custody matters. Judges would take into account the circumstance of violence within the household. When it came to separation between the parents, mediation was ruled out if there was violence within the household.
Closing Remarks
MARCELLO BECCARI, Permanent Representative of San Marino to the United Nations Office at Geneva and head of the delegation, thanked the Committee for the dialogue which had enabled the State to review the legislation and all areas where discrimination against women could occur. The institutions of San Marino were actively engaged in the implementation of the Convention. The recommendations by the Committee would be carefully considered.
MARIANNE MIKKO, Committee Vice-Chair, thanked the delegation of San Marino for the constructive dialogue, which had provided further insight on the situation of women in the country.
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